Phelsuma grandis (Angriff)
Giant day geckos ( madagascariensis grandis to Phelsuma grandis)
Recently the giant day gecko underwent a taxonomic name change from Phelsuma madagascariensis grandis to Phelsuma grandis. The change moves it to nominate species status (perhaps making it “king” in its own right). However, even with the name change, it is still commonly called the giant day gecko and less often “grandis.”
1- Giant Madagascar Day Gecko Phelsuma madagascariensis grandis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Phelsuma grandis Gray, 1870, is a diurnal arboreal species of day gecko (Phelsuma spp.). These geckos are part of the Phelsuma group, which consists of in excess of 70 species and subspecies. They are commonly referred to as the Madagascar giant day gecko, due to their large size. They are native to areas of tropical and subtropical forest in northern Madagascar, but have been introduced to several other subtropical locations outside their range. P. grandis feeds on various invertebrates, very small vertebrates, and nectars.
Phelsuma grandis
Conservation status
To bring out this gecko’s best color, select lights with a color temperature of 5,000 Kelvin and a color-rendering index above 85.
Scientific classification :
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Reptilia
Order:Squamata
Family:Gekkonidae
Subfamily:Gekkoninae
Genus:Phelsuma
Species:Phelsuma grandis
Binomial name :
Phelsuma grandis
Gray, 1870
Synonyms :
Phelsuma madagascariensissubspecies grandis Gray, 1870
Taxonomy :
Its generic name is a Latinized version of the last name of Dutch physician Murk van Phelsum.[2] Its specific name grandis is Latin for "great".
The species Phelsuma grandis described by Gray 1870 was elevated from subspecies status (P. madagascariensis grandis) by Raxworthy et al. in 2007,[3] after environmental niche modeling revealed significant and reliable differences between it and other members of the P. madagascariensis-clade. This elevation has since received further molecular support.[4] P. grandis possesses also the junior synonymsPhelsuma madagascariensis venusta Mertens, 1964 and Phelsuma madagascariensis notissima Mertens, 1970 (fide Meier, 1982). The common name, appended to the current accepted name, has been given as Madagascar giant day gecko or variants such as Giant Day Gecko.[5]
Description :
This lizard reaches a total length of 30 centimetres (12 in). The body colour is bright green or, rarely, bluish green. A red stripe extends from the nostril to the eye. On the back there are typically red coloured dots or bars. These red markings are quite variable, and in some cases, completely absent, though the line extending from the nostril to the eye is always present. Some specimens may have small blue spots. Adult specimens may have large sacs on their necks. These are stored calcium sacks. Young individuals of the species often exhibit much more red than their parents, but as time passes, many of the markings fade, to leave those that will stay for the remainder of the gecko's life. The underside of these animals is a creamy white ranging to an eggy yellow. When stressed, the colouration darkens, rendering the whole animal a dark green, and the red markings on the face and back more orange in hue.[6]
P. madagascariensis grandis in captivity, Cincinnati Zoo
Description
This lizard reaches a total length of 30 centimetres (12 in). The body colour is bright green or, rarely, bluish green. A red stripe extends from the nostril to the eye. On the back there are typically red coloured dots or bars. These red markings are quite variable, and in some cases, completely absent, though the line extending from the nostril to the eye is always present. Some specimens may have small blue spots. Adult specimens may have large sacs on their necks. These are stored calcium sacks. Young individuals of the species often exhibit much more red than their parents, but as time passes, many of the markings fade, to leave those that will stay for the remainder of the gecko's life. The underside of these animals is a creamy white ranging to an eggy yellow. When stressed, the colouration darkens, rendering the whole animal a dark green, and the red markings on the face and back more orange in hue.[6]
Distribution and habitat :
This species is widely distributed in northern and northwest Madagascar.[7] It can also be found on some of the off shore islets or palms, e.g. Seychelles (on Lodoicea). There are a few recorded populations of this species also in Florida[8][9] and Hawaii.[10] It was introduced toReunion Island in the mid-1990s and can be found in Mauritius, mainly in Floreal and in the upper Plain Wilhems.[11]
Diet
These day geckos feed on various insects and other invertebrates, and occasionally have been recorded consuming small vertebrates. They also like to lick soft, sweet fruit, pollen and nectar.[5] Geckos in the wild and in captivity have been observed consuming their own young.[12]
Behaviour
Like most Phelsuma species, the males can be quite quarrelsome and territorial and will not accept other males in their neighborhood. They only allow females to enter their territory. In captivity, where the females cannot escape, the males can also sometimes seriously wound a female. In this case the male and female must be separated. Breeding behavior includes, the shaking of the tail or body, vocalizing, and if the female does not accept the male she may turn a darker green. The day geckos may move slowly, but when they are startled they can move very fast. They are known for being very good at escaping their enclosures. Giant day geckos have no eyelids. To keep their eyes clean, they often lick them.[13]
Madagascar Giant Day Gecko
Reproduction :
The breeding season is between December and June. During this period, the females can lay multiple pair of eggs. The young will hatch after approximately 48–80 days depending on temperature.[7]
For the external links , refrences click here to read the full wikipedia article
Video :
Vivarium , Care & Breeding Articles :
1- Phelsuma grandis
Common Name -Madagascar giant day gecko
Distribution -North Madagascar
Incubation Info -47-65 days at 82 degrees F. 75% RH non-gluer
CITES status -Protected Appendix II
Described by -Gray Date -1870
2- Giant Day Gecko Care Sheet
courtesy : www.reptilesmagazine.com/Care-Sheets/Lizards/Giant-Day-Gecko/
BY JONATHAN D. KLARSFELD, DVM
Crimson giant day gecko
Giant Day Gecko (Phelsuma grandis)
Giant day geckos have become very popular in the reptile trade. Even mainstream advertisers have picked up on the likability of the species, hence the now-famous Geico Gecko, thought to be modeled after a day gecko.
Due to its extraordinarily vibrant colors and ideal size for a home terrarium, the giant day gecko (Phelsuma grandis) has captivated reptile enthusiasts. Select breeders have produced what are arguably the most beautiful lizards in the world, the crimson (see photo) and blue blood day gecko (see photo). They are forms of living art, and people who own them usually display them as a decorative focal point in a room or an outside garden.
Giant day geckos are widely distributed in northern Madagascar, including some of the offshore islets. Because giant day geckos are followers of civilization, they are found in gardens, huts and tree plantations in this area. This is the tropical rain forest region which is characterized by hot and humid weather.
Blue blood giant day gecko.
Giant Day Gecko Availability
Until the mid 1980s, giant day geckos were rare in reptile collections and considered a highly prized captive. They can now be found in local pet stores, with online breeders and at reptile expos. Prices vary depending on age and color quality but range from $45 to $250. A new or rare color morph can cost considerably more. Wild-caught giant day geckos (see photo) are still sporadically imported from Madagascar. These animals are certainly beautiful but are rarely as healthy or as colorful as their captive-bred counterparts. Environmentally conscious reptilekeepers should insist on purchasing only captive-bred specimens. Supporting the continued depletion of Madagascar’s fauna needs to be discouraged due the island nation’s critical environmental status.
Giant Day Gecko Size
As its name implies, the giant day gecko is the largest member of the day gecko group. Adult males can reach a foot in total length. Females are typically 1 or 2 inches smaller. They are a well-muscled and thick-bodied gecko.
Giant Day Gecko Life Span
If cared for properly, giant day geckos can live for a long time. Records of them surviving for 20 years exist, but the average lifespan is between 6 to 8 years.
Wild normal giant day gecko.
Giant Day Gecko Caging
Giant day geckos do best when housed individually or in pairs. Males cannot be housed together, because they will fight excessively until the subordinate male is severely injured or killed. At times, pairs will reject each other’s company and fight. When this occurs, they will have to be separated. Some male/female pairs will bond for life and never fight. These individuals should not be separated, because they may not accept another mate.
Giant day geckos thrive in well-planted naturalistic terrariums. Because giant day geckos are arboreal, the enclosure should be vertically oriented. Screen and glass enclosures measuring 24 inches tall by 24 inches long by 12 inches wide will comfortably house an adult pair. Bamboo has been a long-time favorite cage furnishing, as it is ideal for climbing, basking and egg laying. Live plants will add to the naturalistic design and increase enclosure humidity.
Although not essential, exposing giant day geckos to natural light has positive health benefits. If you live in an area with favorable conditions, housing geckos outside is encouraged. Remember: They always need to have access to some shade to cool off. Make sure you are very careful if you do this as to not release exotic animals into the wild.
Giant Day Gecko Lighting and Temperature
Giant day geckos are diurnal. The use of a high quality UVB light will help to fill the gecko’s vitamin D3 requirement. An incandescent light bulb of the appropriate wattage should be used to maintain a 95 degrees Fahrenheit basking spot. The ambient temperature should range from 82 to 86 degrees during the day and 75 to 82 degrees at night. Captive giant day geckos will use this thermal gradient to thermoregulate to their optimal body temperature.
New morph hatchling giant day gecko.
Giant Day Gecko Substrate
Many substrates designed for rain forest terrariums can be used successfully, including peat/soil mixtures, coconut fiber and various bark chips. The only provision is that the particle size of the substrate should be large enough so that it cannot be accidentally ingested by the geckos while they are catching insect prey, as this could lead to intestinal blockage.
Giant Day Gecko Food
Giant day geckos are highly opportunistic feeders. In the wild, they consume various insects, fruit, small lizards and even small mammals if given the opportunity. This diverse palate makes feeding giant day geckos in captivity simple. They accept commercially bred insects such as crickets, waxworms, mealworms and cockroaches. Commercially available nutritionally balanced diets for frugivore lizards have become available (e.g., Repashy Superfoods) and are highly recommended for giant day geckos. Insects can be offered two times a week and fruit diet one to two times a week.
All insect prey should be dusted with a high-quality calcium/vitamin D3 supplement at every feeding. A multimineral supplement should also be used once per week. These supplements can be added to fruit-based diets as well.
Giant Day Gecko Water
Daily misting of the enclosure provides giant day geckos with their water requirement. They will lick water droplets from enclosure decorations. If misted directly, their tongues will remove water from their eyes and nose. Daily misting also acts to maintain the enclosure’s desired ambient humidity of 50 to 70 percent.
Giant Day Gecko Handling and Temperament
Giant day geckos are mainly a terrarium species to be enjoyed within their enclosures. Nevertheless, they will get to know their caretaker and, with time, will take a cricket or fruit diet from their keeper’s hand. Some even tolerate brief periods of handling, but one should never grab a giant day gecko, as the skin could slough.
Giant Day Gecko Health
Giant day geckos appear to be less susceptible to disease than other reptiles are. This is probably due to multiple variables but includes inherent disease resistance and strong immune function.
Giant Day Gecko Breeding
Many people who purchase giant day geckos intend to breed them. If maintained under the above parameters, they will breed and lay eggs on a regular basis. Captive maintenance of neonates is identical to that of adults except that enclosures should be considerably smaller and food items sized appropriately. Plastic containers measuring 12 inches by 12 inches by 12 inches are adequate to house one or two hatchlings, and 2-week-old crickets are a readily accepted meal after the neonate’s first shed.
The giant day gecko is emerging as a staple in reptile collections, and with its continued selective breeding, you can expect even further improvements in terms of color, tameness and disease resistance.
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Jonathan D. Klarsfeld, DVM is the source for Giant Day Gecko information and breeding. Please visit his site at GiantDayGecko.com.
Other and Recommended websites :
- www.reptilesmagazine.com/Lizard-Species/Madagascar-Giant-Day-Gecko/
- www.lllreptile.com/articles/183-kochs-giant-day-geckos/
- www.daygecko.com/html/care_sheets.html
- www.genevievesgeckos.com/site/care_sheet_Phelsuma.html
- zoomed.com/cm/resources-stuff/Care%20Sheet/fb_GiantDayGecko.html
- reptileapartment.com/day-geckos-phelsuma-species-natures-island-jewels/
- www.petplace.com/article/reptiles/general/reptile-profiles/choosing-a-giant-day-gecko
- www.caresheets.com/lizard-care-sheets/giant-day-gecko-care-sheet/
- blogs.thatpetplace.com/thatreptileblog/2014/04/08/giant-day-gecko-care-natural-history/#.WAsiUuh97IU
- animaldiversity.org/accounts/Phelsuma_madagascariensis/
- www.geckosunlimited.com/community/gecko-care-sheets/19787-phelsuma-madagascariensis-grandis.html
- www.geckotime.com/three-to-get-ready-phelsuma-grandis/
Caring For Giant Day Geckos
courtesy to : www.reptilesmagazine.com/Lizards/Caring-For-Giant-Day-Geckos/
BY LEANN AND GREG CHRISTENSON
Easily the most popular of day geckos, the giant day gecko (Phelsuma grandis) possesses jewel-tone colors and an interesting personality to match. These traits add to its irresistible allure and, along with the lizard’s grand size, contribute to crowning it the king of day geckos.
Described in 1870, the giant day gecko is native to Madagascar, an island in the Indian Ocean just east of Africa’s coast. This fast-moving gecko reaches 8 to 10 inches long with males averaging slightly larger than females. One of the larger geckos, the species typically lives up to 15 years in captivity. It favors the tropical forest areas in the north and northeast of Madagascar.
This gecko’s skin is soft and sloughs off easily as a defense mechanism. Although the lizards don’t like handling, geckokeepers can do so if they’re careful.
Unfortunately, much of giant day geckos’ native habitat has been lost to deforestation, forcing populations to move to newer locations to survive. Some groups now live close to human habitations in Madagascar. The species also has found new habitat in the United States. Wild populations originating from escaped and released specimens from the pet trade have become established in Florida.
Wild giant day geckos feed on a variety of insects from hard-shelled beetles to large, soft-bodied insects. They have even been seen eating smaller lizards, including juvenile giant day geckos. Attracted to flowering plants, they lick nectar and the juice from ripe fruit.
A Royal Arboreal Habitat
Giant day geckos do well in captivity when maintained in a tropical vivarium. Humidity levels should be between 55 and 65 percent. This gecko is most comfortable in temperatures that range from 80 to 88 degrees Fahrenheit during the day with a basking light temperature just above 90 degrees. At night, temperatures can drop to the mid to low 70s. All of these parameters must be met while providing good air circulation. Always set up, test and measure the temperature, humidity and airflow before putting a gecko inside an enclosure.
Enclosures that cannot maintain the appropriate temperature ranges need supplemental heat sources. If daytime temperatures are too low, add another fluorescent light fixture, or add an additional basking light. If night temperatures drop too low, increase the ambient room temperature. If night temperatures still cannot be maintained in the lower comfort range, a final option is to install an undertank heater or heat strip. These devices warm the substrate and add to the enclosure’s overall temperature. An electric hot rock is never appropriate for a day gecko enclosure.
Provide this arboreal gecko with an enclosure more vertical than horizontal. Front-opening-door enclosures help reduce escape attempts; however, there is still no guarantee that a clever gecko won’t sneak through an opening.
A single giant day gecko can be comfortable in an enclosure measuring 11⁄2 feet long by 11⁄2 feet wide by 2 feet tall, but for pairs we would not recommend anything less than 2 feet long by 11⁄2 feet wide by 2 feet tall. A custom enclosure can be built to larger specifications, or a tall 20- to 30-gallon, top-opening vivarium is suitable.
Provide this gecko with lots of fixtures to climb upon. Bamboo and large pieces of bark make good basking or climbing places. Bamboo should be semivertical, and if it is hollow, it must be spacious enough so larger geckos can safely navigate in and out of the openings without becoming trapped.
Decorative backgrounds aren’t required, but they can be aesthetically pleasing. Some commercial companies produce realistic foam backgrounds that add to the environment’s appeal.
Several layers of substrate can help maximize vivarium humidity. Start with a three-fourths-inch layer of clean pebbles, cover them with 1 inch of orchid bark or commercial reptile bark, and then add enough organic potting soil to mix well into the bark.
Our favorite plants for giant day gecko enclosures include tall sansevierias, trailing pothos vines, orchids and bromeliads. Plants can be placed directly into the soil or in pots. Attach bromeliads and some orchids to the sides of the enclosure.
Although soil and plants are major factors in maintaining humidity in the giant day gecko enclosure, nothing can substitute for two or more daily mistings. We recommend reverse-osmosis or filtered water. Keep in mind that filtered and unfiltered water can eventually leave unsightly mineral deposits on the vivarium sides. Remove them with a light solution of reverse-osmosis water and vinegar.
Giant day geckos possess soft, easy-to-tear skin, so handle them with extra care. First-time keepers unfamiliar with how to gently handle the species may get a handful of green flesh. This skin-release defense mechanism helps the geckos escape predators in the wild, but owners should be aware of its drawbacks. Although the skin grows back, it is generally lighter in color, not as heavily scaled and noticeably different than the original skin. Likewise, the gecko’s tail can regenerate if a part falls off, but it also appears smaller and noticeably different than the original.
Let There Be Light
Giant day geckos are sun-lovers, so high-quality lighting is important. Lights with a color temperature of 5,000 Kelvin and a color-rendering index above 85 bring out this gecko’s best color. Lighting can also provide UVB and heat.
A giant day gecko basking under a light. Giant day geckos are sun-lovers, so high-quality lighting is important.
Luckily, many new bulbs made for reptiles on the market can meet one or more of those purposes. Compact fluorescent bulbs do an excellent job providing high-quality light, and many emit UVB. This type of ultraviolet light is used for some diurnal reptiles maintained indoors to help their bodies produce vitamin D3. Without this vitamin, these reptiles fail to absorb dietary calcium, which can result in secondary hyperparathyroidism. Giant day geckos are one of these reptiles. If they live indoors, they need UVB lighting to maintain their health.
Select a UVB light suitable for the enclosure. Follow manufacturer’s recommendations for bulb replacement, which is often every six months. A UVB-producing bulb needs to be between 6 and 12 inches from the gecko’s basking area to be effective.
If providing UVB light isn’t possible for some reason, there is an alternative, but it’s best left to experienced geckokeepers. Phelsuma species, including giant day geckos, can be maintained in captivity without UVB lighting if they are supplemented with sufficient dietary calcium and vitamin D3. Keepers can increase a gecko’s dietary calcium and vitamin D3 at each feeding, thus replacing the need for UVB lighting.
However, geckokeepers who chose this method should avoid vitamin supplements with high levels of vitamin A. Excessive vitamin A can inhibit the gecko’s body from absorbing calcium. One commercial supplement we use that provides the required vitamin D3 and calcium suited to this method is Rep-Cal Phosphorus-Free Calcium With Vitamin D3. Mix it with Herptivite in a 2-1 ratio respectively. Bright, high-quality lighting is still a must for giant day geckos maintained with this method because it helps them develop good color and stimulates natural behaviors.
New geckokeepers may not want to attempt this no-UVB-light method until they are fully versed in reptile husbandry, advanced lighting and reptile nutrition.
Sometimes UVB-emitting bulbs don’t provide enough heat to reach the high end of a giant day gecko’s comfort range, so an additional light for basking may be necessary. Incandescent bulbs in domed housing are typically used for basking lights, but halogens are also used in the reptile community. Halogens do an excellent job of producing heat. Place a basking light over an area where the gecko can sit and thermoregulate. To ensure that the amount of heat is appropriate, check the basking area with a thermometer.
Menu for a Monarch
Captive giant day geckos can enjoy a variety of insects and fruit-nectar substitutes. In the United States, crickets make up the staple insect diet, but locusts are Europe’s primary insect of choice. Other insects that add variety to a gecko’s diet include superworms, captive-raised cockroaches, silkworms, butter worms and waxworms. The general rule is that the insect be smaller than two-thirds the size of a gecko’s head, be easily digested and be raised in captivity.
Besides insects, giant day geckos consume fruit nectars in the wild, and these can be easily substituted in captivity.
Collecting wild insects requires careful consideration of the area they were captured. Any insects caught near human-disturbed areas run the risk of being contaminated by herbicides, insecticides or toxic chemicals. Purchasing captive-raised insects removes these worries.
Purchased feeder insects may arrive gut-loaded and ready to be fed, but their nutritional value drops noticeably within 24 hours. Geckokeepers need a gut-loading program for their feeder insects if they plan to keep crickets for more than one feeding. For the best nutritional value, a feeder insect should be fully gut-loaded six to 24 hours before being fed to a giant day gecko. Dust crickets with an appropriate reptile vitamin with suitable levels of calcium, vitamin D3, and other essential vitamins and minerals before feeding it to the lizard.
Besides insects, giant day geckos consume fruit nectars in the wild, and these can be easily substituted in captivity. Choices include several commercial fruit substitutes or fruit baby food, such as Gerber stage-two peach, banana and apricot.
Commercial day gecko foods are available, and some are labeled as complete replacement diets, which suggests that they can be fed alone instead of a diet of insects and fruit nectar. Most are enhanced with vitamins and calcium that day geckos need. Occasionally some of these geckos reject commercial diets, but the food can be made tastier by mixing in some fruit baby food.
We have found that a natural diet including insects is much more beneficial to the overall well-being of captive giant day geckos. Commercial diets do a good job of making the natural diet more nutritional.
A suitable diet for this gecko is three to five appropriately sized crickets presented twice weekly and fruit baby food mixed with a commercial nectar substitute once a week. Juveniles and breeding females should be fed five to seven times weekly. Breeding females should have a bowl of calcium in their enclosures, but this bowl isn’t necessary if they’re not breeding.
Color Varieties
With a large fleshy body, deep-emerald-green colors, orange-to-red lateral spotting and a characteristic red stripe from nostril to eye, the giant day gecko is a visual symphony. Today, thanks to captive-breeding projects, variations to the typical markings are available.
One popular color enhancement, the crimson grandis, was developed by Kurt and Melissa Lantz of the Rep Room. Developed in 1997, the line is described as hypererythrism with excessive lateral red back-spotting. Successive generations have developed red spotting into the sides, head and tail, and red banding across the back. Unlike normal giant day gecko hatchlings, which eventually lose their baby colors, hatchling crimson grandises look similar to the adults.
Hydrating Giants
Giant day geckos maintain hydration from the humidity in their enclosures and water they ingest. Most don’t learn to drink out of water bowls, so they need to have water drops to lap up. Twice-daily misting creates both the water source for the droplets and enclosure humidity.
Drip water systems and waterfalls can enhance humidity in the enclosure, but they are not a substitute for meeting this gecko’s hydration needs. Geckokeepers who wish to use these systems can experiment and measure results to see if they can set up a suitable system. Given the right environment and care, the giant day gecko is a rewarding captive that will provide its keeper with enjoyment for years to come.
Just Grandis
Recently the giant day gecko underwent a taxonomic name change from Phelsuma madagascariensis grandis to Phelsuma grandis. The change moves it to nominate species status (perhaps making it “king” in its own right). However, even with the name change, it is still commonly called the giant day gecko and less often “grandis.”
Geckos : Introduction - As a Pet
Geckos Species :
- Leopard geckos 1 2 3 4
- Crested gecko 1 2 3 4 5
- African Fat Tailed Geckos 1 2 3
- Day Gecko : - Giant Day Gecko: 1 2
- Other Day Geckos Geckos: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
DWARF GECKOS GROUPE :
- Lygodectylus geckos Introduction - Species :
- Lygodectylus - Yellow Headed
- Gonatodes geckos - species :
- Other species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
- Sphaerodactylus geckos - Species : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
- Tropiocolotes geckos - Species : 1 2
ASIA GECKO Groupe : 1 .. 2 .. 3 .. 4 .. 5 .. 6 .. 7 .. 8
Leaf Tailed Geckos : 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5
Goniurosaurus geckos : 1 , 2 . 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7
Please Select Or follow below !! ?
Geckos : Introduction - As a Pet
Geckos Species :
- Leopard geckos 1 2 3 4
- Crested gecko 1 2 3 4 5
- African Fat Tailed Geckos 1 2 3
- Day Gecko : - Giant Day Gecko: 1 2
- Other Day Geckos Geckos: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
DWARF GECKOS GROUPE :
- Lygodectylus geckos Introduction - Species :
- Lygodectylus - Yellow Headed
- Gonatodes geckos - species :
- Other species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
- Sphaerodactylus geckos - Species : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
- Tropiocolotes geckos - Species : 1 2
ASIA GECKO Groupe : 1 .. 2 .. 3 .. 4 .. 5 .. 6 .. 7 .. 8
Leaf Tailed Geckos : 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5
Goniurosaurus geckos : 1 , 2 . 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7