Vivariums;Ranitomeya lamasi 2

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2- Ranitomeya biolat - M ORALES , 1992 :

In some resources refer to this species as a sub-species from Ranitomeya sirensis

and called : Ranitomeya sirensis biolat ..

Ranitomeya biolat (M ORALES , 1992) :
courtesy to : www.dendrobase.de/index.php

Etymology:

The epithet"biolat" is a dedicationsname and refers to a facility of the Smithsonian Institute (Washington DC, USA) named "Programa de Diversidad Biológica para América Latina - (BIOLAT)". It supports and promotes scientific research in South American national parks by native scientists.

Synonyms:
Ranitomeya biolat (G RANT , F ROST , C ALDWELL , G AGLIARDO , H ADDAD , K OK , M EANS , N OONAN, S CHARGEL & W HEELER , 2006)
Dendrobates biolat (M ORALES , 1992)
sensuF ROST , 2006

English name: Biolat Poison Frog
German name: Biolat - Baumsteiger

Classification:
Amphibia-> Anura-> Dendrobatoidea-> Dendrobatidae-> Dendrobatinae-> Ranitomeya -> Ranitomeya biolat (M ORALES , 1992)

Threat status :

In the Red List (IUCN, 2006) classified as low-risk (LC = Least Concern) due to the large area of distribution and the assumed stable population.

According to CITES (2006) so far not officially executed and acted.

Annex II of the WA. Annex B of the EU ArtSchVO (EC). Notifiable according to BArtSchVO.

size:
Small dendrobatid species with one KRLfrom 15 to 17 mm (M ORALES , 1992).

Grooming:

Skin on the dorsum smooth to slightly granulated. Basic color black. On the dorsum with three vertical stripes: two Dorsolateralstreifen and a Media strips , The median strip runs from the end of the back above the cesspool to the tip of the muzzle and connects there with the Supralabialstreifen, The Dorsolateralstreifen reach the head tip not but end shortly before the eyes. In contrast to the similarly colored R. lamasi , median strips and dorsolateral ligaments connect in a cross shape on the head. This cross shape is typical of R. biolat . The labial strip runs to the upper arm attachment and goes there in one lateral stripes along the flank above. The limbs show a blue net pattern on a black background. At the arm and thigh approach lighter signal spots are found. The abdomen shows, as in R. lamasi and R. vanzolinii , yellow patterns on the otherwise blue-black ground. The yellow throat is usually separated from this yellow belly patch by a blue-colored band (typical drawing pattern of the Vanzolinii group). Head width narrower than body width. No maxillary teeth present. Muzzle of laterally considered rounded, from dorsal trimmed. Canthus rostralis stretched. Loreal region vertical. Eyebrow width about 2/3 of the interorbital -Abstandes. Eye diameter slightly larger than the eye-nostril distance.tympanum round, Postero covered with skin, visible from 7am to 1pm (intended as a watch) and just over half the length of the eye. First finger shorter than finger two. Finger discs widened on all fingers except fingers 1 (about 1.8 times as wide as base). No webbed or cuticles on the fingers.finger formula: 1 <2 <4 <3. Big round outer Metatarsaltuberkel available. Inner metatarsal tubercle oval, with about ½ size of the outer tarsal tubercle but clearly visible. About the size of the first Subartikulartuberkel of the 1st finger. 1-2 round subtarticular tubercles (1 on fingers one and two, 2 on fingers three and four). Foot also without webbed. Toe formula: 1 <2 <5 <3 <4. Outer metatarsal tubercle small and oblong oval. Inner metatarsal tubercle about the same size and roundish. 1-3 round subtarticular tubercles (1 at the toes one and two, 2 at the toes, three and five, 3 at toe four). Toes without webbed or cutaneous lines. Males show slightly wider finger disks than females. No significan the Sexual dimorphism in relation to height (all data according to M ORALES , 1992).

Dorsal and ventral view Ranitomeya biolat

Variation:

According to M ORALES (1992), the species shows little variation in color and pattern .

Older:

Not known probably like other species of the Vanzolinii clade 5-6 years.

Habitat:

Type find location of the first description

"Pakitza, 11 ° 56'S, 71 ° 18'W, 340 m altitude, Manu Biosphere Reserve, Provincia de Tahuamanu, Madre de Dios, Perú" (M ORALES , 1992)

Distribution:

Peru, province of Madre de Dios, in locations around 300m altitude

Biotope:

Rainforest Peru, habitat of R. biolat

Attitude in the terrarium :

Terrarium / Facility:

Rainforest terrarim from 40x40x40 cm
Irrigation system and fogger recom- mended
The pool should be planted with as many bromeliads as possible in order to provide various waterholes for the tadpoles .

temperatures:

Tags 25-27 ° C, nighttime drop of 4-5 ° C
annual temperature fluctuation minimal (1-2 ° C)

Humidity:

70-80%, at noon to 70%, morning and evening 100% (fog)

Nutrition:

Usual small and medium feed animals
Drosophila, micro-crickets (also somewhat larger), springtails, meadow plankton

Other websites :

- www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=0b99a87fef474f08b301e928b4e40a71

- research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Dendrobatoidea/Dendrobatidae/Dendrobatinae/Ranitomeya/Ranitomeya-sirensis

- www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1670/06-2172.1?journalCode=hpet

- www.dendrobase.de/index.php

- animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ranitomeya_biolat/classification/

3- Ranitomeya lamasi - M ORALES , 1992 :

Care Articles :

1- Ranitomeya lamasi (M ORALES , 1992) :

courtesy to : www.dendrobase.de/index.php

Etymology:

The epithet Lamasi is one dedication in honor of D. R. G ERARDO L AMAS , in gratitude for his scientific advice and help.

Synonyms:
Ranitomeya lamasi (G RANT , F ROST , C ALDWELL , G AGLIARDO , H ADDAD , K OK , M EANS , N OONAN , S CHARGEL & HEELER , 2006)
Dendrobates lamasi (M ORALES , 1992)

sensu F ROST , 2006 .

English name: Pasco Poison Frog
German name: Pasco Baumsteiger

Classification:
Amphibia-> Anura-> Dendrobatoidea-> Dendrobatidae-> Dendrobatinae-> Ranitomeya -> Ranitomeya lamasi (M ORALES , 1992)

Group:

to S CHULTE (1999)

Note on the scheme:
There is some confusion about belonging to the species Ranitomeya lamasi . In the review of S ILVERSTONE (1975), animals from Tingo Maria were populated by Dendrobates (Adelphobates) quinquevittatus , then by C ALDWELL & M YERS (1990) as a population of Dendrobates (Ranitomeya) ventrimaculatus sldesignated. M ORALES described in 1992 the population of Tingo Maria as Dendrobates lamasi . G RANT ET AL . (2006) then transferred the species to the genus Ranitomeya , B AUER 1988.
The terrarium population of the Divisoria of the Cordillera Azul (Montan form after S CHULTE , 1999) differs somewhat in size as well as in the pattern of drawingholotypefrom. Of thepara typeby Tingo Maria (M ORALES , 1992) is very similar in design drawing to the animals of a population originating from the vicinity of the research station Panguana on the Río Llullapichis first as D. quinquevittatus (M EEDE , 1980) and then as D. sp. "Panguana" has become known. Matches in themorphologyand comparisons of the paging parameters or sonagrams of R. lamasi (M ORALES , 1992b and the like) and R. sp. "Panguana" (M EEDE , 1992 and O STROWSKI & M AHN , 2005) strongly suggest that they belong to a single grouptaxonout. As a morphological commonality show both the highland form, as well as the animals of Tingo Maria and the Panguana population typical signal spots in the arm and leg bends. Further similarities show up in the larval morphology. The metallic green or yellow transverse band on the tip of R. lamasi described by S CHULTE (1999) is also shown by larvae of the "Panguana" and highland populations. So these populations should also be R. lamasi . Other sites of morphologically very similar populations are known. In 2004, for example, animals were detected at Contamana on the Río Ucayali, which are also almost identical in adult and larval morphology to R. lamasiare (B IRKHAHN , pers. Komm.). In 2005, other variants were also detected on the Río Pachitea (N IESZPOREK , pers. Comm.), Which are similar in reputation and morphology to the other populations and probably also belong to R. lamasi . Until further call analyzes of all populations and genetic comparative data substantiate this assumption, we call the animals of the Río Pachitea Drainage here first as Ranitomeya cf. lamasi .

Attention !: The Panguana population is sometimes referred to as R. imitator "Panguana". Dissemination, ethological and morphological data and the call analysis (see comparison function under reputation) are likely to belong to the taxon R. imitator but pretty sure exclude.

Threat status :

Annex II of the WA. Annex B of the EU ArtSchVO (EC). Notifiable according to BArtSchVO.

On the Red List, the species is classified as not dangerous. Despite the small distribution area of less than 20,000 square kilometers, the habitat is considered intact and the populations are considered stable (IUCN, 2004). According to CITES (2005), export from Peru is illegal and commercial trade is unknown.

Description :

size

Small arrow poison frog type with one KRLfrom 17-22 mm. The population of the type find site and the Panguana population are more likely to be at the lower end of the scale, while the Montan form and some lowland varieties (Contamana) are more likely to be around 20 mm.

Grooming:

The skin is smooth with a black base color. Typical of R. lamasi are, according to M ORALES (1999), the three narrow longitudinal stripes on the back in yellow, gold metallic, orange, red or light green. The stripes may be widened in some populations and linked together in the lower back (eg "Divisoria"). Of the Media strips The back of the nose forms a T or Y on the tip of the snout in front of the eyes. The black nose bar on the tip of the snout is sometimes only reduced to a round spot. Along the flank, another strip of the same color as the draws Dorsalstreifen This Ventrolateralstreifen pulls under the eye around the snout and can also on the flank with the Dorsolateralstreifen be connected (see drawings). The legs show a patch network in gray white or blue on a black background. On top of the upper arm and thigh, there is a white to light yellow signal spot. The animals show a typical belly pattern. Throat and abdomen are contrasting with the coloring of the lower flanks of the legs in the color of the lateral - and dyed Dorsalstreifen. Throat and belly are again separated by a band which is drawn in leg color (see drawing and photos). Also the closely related species R. biolat , R. flavovittata and R. vanzolinii show this unmistakable abdominal drawing (Vanzolinii-Brustgürtel after S CHULTE , 1999). Maxillary teeth (maxilla) missing. Eyes big.tympanumsmaller than eye diameter, visible to 3/4. Finger with widened adhesive discs. Without webbed or cutaneous lines on fingers and toes.

finger formula: 1 <2 <4 <3.

toes formula : 1 <2 <5 <3 <4, toe 1 reduced.

Ranitomeya lamasi . Dorsal and ventral view of the paratypus from Tingo Maria, MHNJP (= MHNSM) 1462. Original drawing from M ORALES , 1992.

Fig.2: Ranitomeya lamasi . Paratype MHNJP (= MHNSM) 1462; Side view of the head.
Original drawing from M ORALES , 1992.

Fig.3: Ranitomeya lamasi . Paratype MHNJP (= MHNSM) 1462; Ventral view of the left forequarters (left) and the right hindfoot (right).
Original drawing from M ORALES , 1992.

Dorsal and ventral view Ranitomeya cf. lamasi "Panguana"
copyright 2006

Thomas Ostrowski

Variation:

There are several distinct populations from different parts of Peru known. They all show the pattern typical of R. lamasi and differ mainly in the basic color of the stripe pattern. Whether all these variants also show the same call type and also agree in their larval and predicate data, has yet to be confirmed. There are populations of Tingo Maria and Bosque de Castilla (M ORALES , 1992), Puerto Inca and Contamana (B IRKHAHN , personal comm.) And the Río Pachitea (N IESZPOREK , pers. Komm.) Are known. Also by C HRISTMANN (2004), some morphologically similar populations are referred to as "Panguana" types which probably also R. lamasican be assigned. Until further call analyzes and genetic comparison data from all populations confirm this, we refer to the animals of the Río Pachitea Drainage here as Ranitomeya cf. lamasi .

Older:

The animals are likely to reach the age of 5-6 years according to previous experience.

Maturity:

Like other species of the Ventrimaculatus and Vanzolini complex, the animals grow very fast when fed well. After 6-8 months the first males start to call and after 8 months the females lay their first eggs, whereas the first 3-4 eggs do not usually develop (K IK , pers. Komm).

Skin poisons:

not known

Clutch and larvae

Features of scrim:

There are usually 2-3 rarely laid 4 gray eggs. The shelf is placed just above the water level on vertical surfaces.

The larvae are dark gray to anthracite. Typical for larvae of R. lamasi is a metallic yellow, yellow orange or neon green cross ribbon on the tip of the snout. This band is clearly visible just a few days after hatching and so far unique to Amazonian Ranitomeya species. For example, larvae of the very similar colored R. biolat do not show this band. The remaining back staining then sets in just before the hindleg breaks through and is fully formed when the metamorphosis is complete.

Larva of R. lamasi shortly before the metamorphosis.

Larva Ranitomeya cf. lamasi

Development periods:

The larvae need about 60 - 70 days to complete metamorphosis depending on the water temperature and food supply.

Nutrition:

The larvae of the species of the Vanzolinii group ( R. imitator, R. vanzolinii, R. lamasi, R. biolat and R. flavovittata ) are described as optional oophaga designated. In the very nutrient-poor natural phytotelmata, which are used as breeding waters, take them mainly from females Abortiveier as food. But you can, unlike the species of the Histrionicus group, also use other animal or vegetable food sources. With a finely ground mixture of ornamental fish flake food, spirulina algae and freeze-dried arthropods such as crayfishes, red mosquito larvae and Artemia, the larvae can be reared very well. (O STROVSKI , own observation)

Behavior (ethology):

General behavior:

Ranitomeya lamasi is a quiet, shy frog who lives rather hidden. The species is diurnal, with the outdoor activity time according to M ORALES (1999) being more in the morning hours and ending between 13.00 and 14.00. In the terrarium, the animals are best observed in the early morning hours. Shortly after and before the start of the lighting, the animals are most active and relatively well out of their hiding places. In the terrarium, a second activity maximum appears in the evening before, shortly before and after the end of the lighting period. In the terrarium of the author (O STROWSKI , personal observation), the maxima of the call activity fall in these two periods (9.30 to 10.30 and 19.30 to 20.30 clock). R. Lamasi usually lives in pairs phytotelmata as in Xanthosoma sp. In case of disturbances, the animals press deeply into the leaf sheaths and leave only in great danger their flight plant volatile to save themselves with a jump in the leaf layer (N IEZPOREK , pers. Komm.). The animals also show this escape behavior in the terrarium, so that care must be taken in the basin to ensure that no animals escape.

Territorial:

Ranitomeya lamasi lives in the field in pairs and is revierbildend. The brood plant is defended by both partners compared to other animals of its own kind. However, the aggressiveness is not as strong as R. imitator or R. vanzolinii . Together raised young animals can be kept in the terrarium as a group, if the basin is well structured. However, a hierarchy is formed in which usually only one pair is dominant and only this one is propagating.

courtship behavior:

Like Ranitomeya vanzolinii , R. lamasi lives in pairs. Even outside the courts, the partners are often found together. The courtship is initiated by the calling of the male. M EEDE(1980) was able to observe a couple in the biotope, while the male ran around in a semicircle in front of the female, giving off a small creaking call from time to time. If the female is ready for spawn, this man stimulates the male by wiping movements with his forelegs over the abdomen of the male. Both partners clean a suitable spawning site with their hind legs. After the male has released the sperm, the female lays two to three eggs. The spawning takes place mostly in the early morning hours and the shy animals are rarely observed. The clutches are deposited on vertical smooth surfaces. In the field, mostly leaf sheaths of Araceae or Heliconiaceae plants are used (N IESZPOREK and B IRKHAHN, personal comm.). Teilwiese use populations of R. lamasi but also bromeliads or bamboo as breeding plants (M ORALES , 1992). The spawning grounds are often water-filled phytotelmata. The eggs are always sold above the water level. N IESZPOREK was able to detect in populations of the "Panguana" variant usually three eggs just above the waterline.

Brood care behavior:

The brood care takes place as described in R. imitator . After the hatching of the larvae, both partners transport the larvae into different phytotelmata. The larvae are then regularly supplied with nursery eggs. This is done in the context of normal courtship behavior (calling of the male and stimulation by the female) but the male does not emit sperm. The eggs are not fertilized and serve only as food for the larva. Therefore, couples feeding the larvae do not produce fertilized eggs! Unlike Oophaga pumilio , however, the larvae are only optionale Eifresser and can also feed differently (so larval nutrition).

Utterance (vocalization):

The Art R. lamasi shows the typical for the Vanzolinii group Chirp reputation (chirp-call) as Anzeigeruf, The animals call (depending on the duration of illumination) in the terrarium, especially in the early morning and in the late afternoon or early evening (see M EEDE , 1980). M EEDE saw a strong increase in call activity in October. In this period, the beginning of the rainy season in the biotope, which was simulated by M EEDE in the terrarium by increased spraying. The one by M EEDE(1980) described as quietly creaking advertising career during the courtship phase, which should differ significantly in volume, the author could not be detected so far. Males call quite persistently several call groups in a row even if no females are in the field of vision. The rather loud reputation is therefore certainly also the territorial delineation gegeüber neighboring rivals and not just as pure Werbelaut (mating-call). The calls consist of M ORALES (1992) from individual Note group n with a duration of 578 - 2270 ms. The dominance frequency is between 5.0 to 5.5 kHz. The call rate is around 25-26 marks / s. A call of the "Panguana" population of D. recorded and surveyed by O STROWSKI & M AHN at 24 ° C. cf. lamasi consisted of individual groups of notes with a length of 461 - 758 ms and a dominant frequency of 5.78 - 5.81 kHz. Each group of notes contained 13 - 22 pulsed grades (Call rate: 28 - 30 notes / s). The note length was on average 29 ms and the notes were separated by intervals with a duration of about 5 ms. Each grade contains 3 Pulse e. Their length and interval could not be resolved with the used program (BatsoundPro). With M ORALES , unfortunately, there are no further details for the temperature and note length for R. lamasi . Since both call rate and frequency are dependent on the temperature, a direct comparison is hardly possible. Nevertheless, the calls are from R. lamasi ss and R. cf. lamasi "Panguana" in their physical values very similar. An affiliation to the taxonR. lamasi for the "Panguana" population is therefore very likely.

Habitat :

Type find location of the first description

Bosco Castilla, NW de Iscozacín, 10 ° 10'S, 75 ° 15'W, 345 m de elevación, Provincia de Huancabamba, Pasco, Perú "(M ORALES , 1992)

According to first description in the Peruvian provinces Pasco and Huancabamba along Cordillera Azul. If the populations of Contamana and the lower Río Pachitea prove to be associated with R. lamasi , the area also extends the Río Pachitea drainage along the Ucayali down to Contamana in the provinces of Ucayali and Loreto and contrary to the opinion of S CHULTE ( 1999) into the Amazonian lowlands. The species inhabits lowland (Bosque Castilla, 345 m) and preamontane rainforests (Tingo Maria, 672 m). After SCHULTE (1999)

R. lamasirisesalso to the Montanregionen on (Divisoria, 1700 m). On both sides of the watershed he probably overcame the Cordilleras and found himself on the upper Río Pachitea in the lowlands again (Panguana).

Biotope:

Only a few outdoor observations are available on natural biotopes. The natural habitat extends over an area of some 100 km and extends over several altitude levels. The animals inhabit lowland rainforests, prämontane rain forests and Montanwälder. Due to this large distribution area and the different altitudes of the habitats, R. lamasi partly inhabits very different biotopes. M ORALES reports of bamboo as breeding plants in primary forest at Tingo Maria while the population in Bosque Castilla uses epiphytic bromeliads as breeding plants. Animals of the populations on the Río Pachitea can be found according to N IESZPOREKmainly in elephant ear plants (Xantosoma sp.). The animals inhabit in pairs the water-filled leaf sheaths of this arum family (Araceae). B IRKHAHN observed animals in Contamana, which mainly inhabited Diefenbachia.

As breeding plants of Ranitomeya cf. lamasi also the water-filled sheaths of Heliconia sp. used. Departamento Huánuco, Peru.

Ranitomeya cf. lamasi often inhabits lianas directly above the herbaceous layer in the primary forest. Departamento Huánuco, Peru

Ranitomeya cf. lamasi is rarely found on the forest floor in the biotope . Departamento Huánaco, Peru.

Biotope of Ranitomeya cf. lamasi along a small quebrada on the upper Río Pachitea. Departamento Huánuco, Peru.

Along the paths in the biotope dense stands of perennials form. The leaf sheaths of various species are used by R. lamasi as breeding plants.

R. cf. lamasi on a Xanthosoma sp. in the biotope. Departamento Huánuco, Peru

Climate:

The climatic conditions of the localities differ quite clearly depending on the altitude. While the Pachitea variants live in the lowlands with fairly constant temperatures around the 26 ° C and only low night-time lowering, the variants from higher elevations during the day are exposed to lower average values. At higher altitudes, it is also possible to detect stronger temperature fluctuations between day and night. While the temperature difference between day and night temperatures in the lowlands is only about 1-3 ° C, it can be up to 10 ° C at higher altitudes. The average annual temperature also decreases with increasing altitude. Already on submontan he level of Tingo Maria (645 m) at 24.8 ° C is about 2 ° C lower average temperature than on prämontan he proves level at Bosque Castilla (345 m). In the area of the Divisoria at about 1500 m altitude, we were able to detect maximum values of only 20 ° C in the shade even at sunny weather around noon (O STROWSKI , personal observation). This temperature gradient is typical for the tropics in which the temperature drops approximately 0.57 ° C approximately every 100 m (B RECKLE & W ALTER, 1999). Rainfall is relatively even throughout the year. Although the rainfall decreases slightly between June and September, there is no pronounced dry season. The rainfall grow on the mountain flanks by slope rain something. Variants of the higher elevations are therefore exposed to somewhat wetter and cooler conditions than the lowland variants.

Attitude in the terrarium :

Terrarium / Facility:

Dendrobatenterrarium from 40 cm x 40 cm x 40 cm. Dense planting and climbing facilities. Photo can type III offer as a spawning place. But it will also be eg Photo can type I assuming that the clutches are to be found on the upper side (!) (M AHN , pers. Komm.). Bromeliads with narrow funnels such as Neoregelia pauciflora most closely resemble the natural breeding plants. An automatic irrigation and fog system is recommended.

Temperatures:

Depending on their origin, 22-24 ° C daytime temperatures should be offered for highland populations with a nighttime drop of 5-6 ° C. The lowland populations feel most comfortable at daytime temperatures of 25-27 ° C, whereby a nighttime lowering of 2-3 ° C is advisable here as well.

Humidity:

70-80%, at noon to 70%, morning and evening 100% (fog)

Nutrition:

Usual little food animals Drosophila Micro-crickets, smallest waxy maggots, meadow plankton and springtails

Trim:

Best results with 1.1. Group housing possible, eg 2.3 in 50 cm x 50 cm x 50 cm.

Tips for breeding:

The animals spawn on smooth vertical surfaces such as leaves or glass panes. Have proven useful as spawning houses vertically mounted black photo boxes in which should be no water. Cans with a narrow entrance are especially popular (see photo). Early removed, separately grown clumps develop better than in the terrarium left clutches. Individual attitude of cannibalistic tadpoles is necessary. The diet can be done with conventional ornamental fish feeds (prescription larva

nourishment). Javamoos and a small water snail in the burbot prevent spoiled food and germ contamination of the water. Water temperature at 24 ° C, nighttime lowering at 2-5 ° C recommended. The larvae need about 60-70 days to metamorphosis. The rearing of the young animals can be done in groups. The young are growing very fast (OSTROVSKI , personal observation).

Photos :