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Loaches :

Fish Guides for Kuhli, Dojo, Clown Loach and More Species .... ( Courtesy to Animal-World.com )

Loaches are interesting fish and wonderful scavengers, making them a handy addition to the aquarium!

Loaches have a heightened sense of taste and smell as well as some very flexible body shapes. They will search out stray food wherever it falls. They are nocturnal, but they are great scavengers, especially appreciated by the aquarist. Loaches almost always adapt to aquarium foods and are long lived, with many species can live 10 years or more. They can win your affection and respect, as they do a great job keeping the bottom of the aquarium clean.

Although popularly known as Loaches or true Loaches, these fish have also been commonly referred to as "Thorn-eyes". This is because they have one or two thorn-like spines directly between the eyes or just beneath the eyes. These spines are often erect and can act as a defense, be careful when catching these fish. These spines often gets caught in the net

The true Loaches belong to the family Cobitidae. There are quite a few species available to aquarists, yet this is a rather small family. It consisting of about 100 species, but it does contain some of the most spectacular freshwater fishes. They are found in rivers throughout Asia, Europe, and parts of Africa. They occur throughout much of the Old World, widely across southern and southeast Asia. Only 3 are native to Germany and just a few species are found in northern Africa, mostly in Morroco and Ethopia.

There are a number of similarities found between the Loaches and their close relatives the Hillstream Loaches, such as multiple barbels around the mouth. The HIllstream Loaches, like their name suggests, occur in mountain streams and belong to the Balitoridae family. Occasionally both Hillstream Loaches and Loaches are confused with thecatfishes because of the presence of barbels. One similarity that lends to this confusion are the number of barbels, all of these fish have between 3 to 6 pairs. Another is the appearance of being scaleless due to very tiny scales on some species. Yet all these fish are in fact covered with scales or partially covered with scales. Catfish on the other, are without scales, most often protected with bony plates instead.

The Loach species list below includes popular varieties as well lesser known loaches. Each fish guide has in-depth loach information including their places of origin, habitats and behaviors as well as the fish care needed for successfully keeping them in the aquarium. Fish pictures are also provided within each fish guide to help with identification, and to aid in choosing Loach fish as pets.

Description :

Most of the loaches are not very large, being only a few inches, but there are exceptions with a few of the Botia reaching over 12" (30 cm) and the exceptionally large Royal Clown Loach which can reach up to 20" (50 cm). The body forms, though most often elongated and rather cylindrical (and a few that are flattened), are quite varied. They can be chunky and heavy, worm-like, or even eel-like.

For the most part these fish are bottom dwellers, but many species have a unique intestine that can act as a respiratory organ similar to that of the Corydoras. This allows them to absorb oxygen at the surface directly from the atmosphere, a feature that helps ensure survival even if water conditions are polluted or are oxygen depleted.

Some Cobitidae species were believed to be extremely sensitive to atmospheric pressure so that when the weather changed they would get quite active, swimming up and down in the aquarium. These fish have been used as living barometers and are referred to as 'weather fish'. A noted example is the Dojo Loach,Japanese Weather Fish, or Weather Loach. It is uncertain however, whether these nervous displays are from a barometric change, some other change in conditions, or just their unique behavior.

Care and feeding :

These fish mainly get active in the evening or after dark, are mostly bottom feeders, and are omnivores. Although in their natural habitat many primarily eat insect larvae, live worms, and crustaceans, they also nibble on algae and other vegetation. They can be fed dry flake food, freeze dried and frozen proteins such as tubifex and bloodworms, and vegetable substitutes such as a soft algae or algae wafers. Some of the larger species of Botia are fond of Red Ramshorn snails and occasionally a Mystery snail.

They all prefer hiding places where they can retreat to at will. The worm-like species especially like to hide under plant roots or wood while the free swimming species like to hide in caves.

There is little known about the reproduction of most of these fish. Though there have been some reported successes of breeding loaches among various hobbyists, it is mostly a matter of chance and these fish are not yet commercially bred.

Loaches Types :

1- Bengal Loach :

Queen Loach, Scarf Botia, Indian Loach

Family: Cobitidae

The gorgeous Bengal Loach is a fairly small fish that loves to scavenge and snack on snails!

The Bengal Loach Botia dario is a stately looking fish from Bangladesh, and thus is suitably named. But we do like its alternate name the "Queen Loach" as being much more descriptive of its regal appearance.

This loach has a beautiful golden coloration with vertical black striping the length of its body and onto its tail. As this fish reaches maturity the stripes widen and the number of stripes increases, the overall coloration also becomes more subdued. It is also known as the Scarf Botia and as an Indian Loach in a more generic sense.

When you first acquire a Bengal Loach it may initially be shy. But if it is kept in good company (being several of its own kind) and has a comfortable home, it will soon spend time out and about. They are shy of bright light and will appreciate caves and plants as places to hide. They will retreat during the day and then get active towards dusk. They are great scavengers and they eat snails, so are good for snail control.

They are generally quite peaceful and though they may tussle with members of their own species, they don't really harm one another. They do well in a community aquarium with other less aggressive species, but they can hold their own with mildly aggressive tank mates.

Habitat: Distribution / Background:

The Bengal Loach Botia dario was described by Hamilton in 1822. It is found in northern India in the streams and rivers of Bangladesh. This species is listed on the IUCN Red List as least concern (LC). Botia dario is the most common of all Botia species and is also very widespread. There are threats to its habitats and it is heavily harvested for the ornamental trade. However the species is hardy and is therefore assessed as Least Concern at this time. Other common names it is known by are Queen Loach, Scarf Botia, and Indian Loach.

In the wild the Bengal Loach can grow up to 6 inches. It feeds on insects, larvae, crustaceans, and some plant matter. Although it primarily lives in streams and rivers, there is always a constant flow of water in its native region so the waters its habitat will fluctuate. During the monsoon as much as 15 feet of rain can fall, creating a series of shallow lakes. This species will migrate to these lakes to look for food sources. After the monsoon season has past, the continuously melting glaciers of the Himalayas feed into the streams and rivers and it then moves back into these waters.

Scientific Name: Botia dario
Social Grouping: Groups
IUCN Red List: LC - Least Concern

Description :

The Bengal Loach is a fairly small loach in the aquarium, but with a beautiful body color. In the wild they can get up to 6 inches (15.2 cm) in length. However they only reach about 2 1/2 inches (6.5 cm) in the aquarium, with a lifespan of about 5 - 8 years. Its body is golden overall with 8 to 10 vertical black cross bands, sometimes connected in places. The banding starts just behind the eyes and extends all the way onto the tail fin. In the adult the color patterning becomes more subdued, the cross bands widen and their number can increase.

This species is similar in appearance to the Ladder Loach Botia geto and the Hora Loach Botia dayi. However each species differs in patterning, somewhat in size, and in the shape of the head. Here are some of their distinctions:

Bengal LoachThe Botia dario has a sloped, rounded head, and is marked with 8 to 10 dark cross bands on the body that may be connected horizontally in places.
Ladder LoachThe Botia geto has a steep angular forehead. It has 8 to 10 dark cross bands as well, but they can be either paired or single. It also has light eye-spot like areas along the lateral line.
Hora LoachThe Botia dayi is larger than either of the other two, reaching up 4 inches (10 cm) long in the aquarium. It has about 10 paired cross bands that may be connected, but only those in the dorsal region.

Size of fish - inches: 6.0 inches (15.19 cm) - This fish can reach up to 6 inches (15.2 cm) in the wild, but they only reach about 2 1/2 inches (6.5 cm) in the aquarium.
Lifespan: 8 years - This fish has a lifespan of about 5 - 8 years.

Fish Keeping Difficulty :

The Bengal Loach can be hardy under the right conditions. However they are not recommended for beginners because of their need for pristine water and they do not have scales. Do not try to introduce these fish into biologically immature tanks. Not having scales make them more prone to disease and very sensitive to medications used to treat disease. Experience in treating scaleless fish is very important to be able to give your loach a healthy and long life

Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately hardy
Aquarist Experience Level: Intermediate

Foods and Feeding :

Since they are omnivorous, this Queen Loach or Scarf Botia, will generally eat all kinds of live foods. They like tablets and frozen foods as well, but flake foods are not suggested. Feed brine shrimp (either live or frozen), mosquito larvae, tubifex, daphnia, and some vegetable foods such as algae wafers. It is also good to feed then cucumber, melons and blanched spinach. These loaches will also eat snails, so can help to keep those populations in check.

Diet Type: Omnivore
Flake Food: Occasionally - Rarely, flake foods are not suggested.
Tablet Pellet: Occasionally
Live foods (fishes, shrimps, worms): Half of Diet
Vegetable Food: Some of Diet
Meaty Food: Most of Diet
Feeding Frequency: Several feedings per day

Aquarium Care :

The most important thing for these loaches is that they always have clean and well-oxygenated water. Frequent water changes of about 30% a week are needed for the Bengal Loach. With your weekly water change make sure to vacuum the gravel to remove all excess food and waste. Make sure not to remove the bio film on rocks, decor or no viewing panes of the tank. A magnet algae cleaner normally does a great job in keeping the viewing pane clear.

Water Changes: Weekly - Water changes of about 30% weekly.

Aquarium Setup:

The Bengal Loach will swim mostly on the bottom of the aquarium. Never introduce the Bengal Loach into a biological immature setup as these fish require pristine water. Because these fish do best in groups, a larger tank of at least 30 gallons will work best. They do best in soft, slightly acidic water with subdued lighting. They also need good water movement that provides plenty of oxygenation. The tank water should turnover at least 10-15 times per hour. Using an over sized external power filter will help meet that requirement. Powerheads and airstones can also be used to achieve proper flow and oxygenation and will also help prevent anything from being left unclean on the bottom.

It is recommended to have a tank set-up that resembles its natural habitat, slow to moderate moving rivers. The tank needs to have ample hiding places for this shy fish. Because they are burrowers, the substrate needs to be a fine smooth gravel or sand that does not have sharp edges. Provide hardy plants, like Java Fern, with the roots protected.

Make sure there are no sharp edges in the tank, these loaches like to wedge into tight areas. Larger smooth rocks can be used as hiding places. Driftwood and branches can also be added to provide shade and places for quick retreat. Plastic tubes also make safe and excellent hiding places. Be sure to have ample smooth surfaces to encourage bio film to grow. Have all decor firmly placed on the glass bottom so they don't fall over from their burrowing activity.

Social Behaviors :

The Bengal Loach is a good community fish. They can get a bit aggressive to members of their own species, but they don't harm each other. It is most likely an establishing of a hierarchy.

They are peaceful but they can hold their own with mildly aggressive tank mates. Though they hide during the day, and then are lively and active in the evening. If they are kept with aggressive tank mates, especially large predatory catfish, they will hide in the substrate. These loaches are known to nip at slow moving long finned fish.

Venomous: No
Temperament: Peaceful
Compatible with:
- Same species - conspecifics: Yes - These fish will be less shy if kept in a group.
- Peaceful fish (): Safe
- Semi-Aggressive (): Monitor
- Aggressive (): Threat
- Large Semi-Aggressive (): Threat
- Large Aggressive, Predatory (): Threat
- Slow Swimmers & Eaters (): Monitor - They are known to nip at slow moving, long-finned fish.
- Shrimps, Crabs, Snails: Threat - is aggressive
- Plants: Safe

Sex: Sexual differences :

Full grown females will be rounder.

Breeding / Reproduction:

Not much is known about the breeding habits of these loaches, and they are not yet bred commercially.

Ease of Breeding: Unknown

Fish Diseases :

Loaches are more susceptible to disease than other aquarium fishes. This may have to do with the faint body scales and no head scales. So take caution when introducing these fish to an established tank. They are also very sensitive to different medications used to treat many diseases; a separate hospital tank is needed. Cold water and condition changes can also cause stress to this fish which makes them even more prone to disease.

Most common disease that affects this loach is Ich. Ich is short for Ichthyophthirius, also known as "white spot disease". It is a parasite that can attack nearly all aquarium fishes, but you'll find that loaches are often the first to be attacked. Take great care in treating ick as loaches are very sensitive to the medications used to treat it. Often the dose is half of what is normally used.

The second most common thing that affects loaches is a thing called skinny disease. This can be diagnosed fairly easily. If your loaches are eating a nitrous and healthy amounts and still seems to loose weight it is a good chance it has skinny disease. This is caused by internal parasites and can be treated with medication if used carefully.

An outbreak of disease can often be limited to just one or a few fishes if you deal with it at an early stage. When keeping these sensitive types of fish, it is common to catch deteriorating water conditions and disease before other fish are affected. The best way to proactively prevent disease is to give your Batik Loach the proper environment and give them a well balanced diet. The closer to their natural habitat the less stress the fish will have, making them healthier and happy. A stressed fish will is more likely to acquire disease.

References

Animal-World References: Freshwater Fish and Plants
Dr. Rüdiger Riehl and Hans A. Baensch, Aquarium Atlas Vol. 1, Publisher Hans A. Baensch, 1991
Dr. Rüdiger Riehl and Hans A. Baensch, Aquarium Atlas Vol. 3 , Voyageur Press, 1996
Mark in Vancouver, Botia dario, Loaches Online, 2009
Botia dario (Hamilton, 1822) Bengal loach, Fishbase.org
Botia dario, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Bratz Walker, Sharks and Loaches, T.F.H. Publications, Inc., 1974

2-Berdmore's Loach : ( Click here for more information )

The Berdmore's Loach is beautiful large loach, but has a rather quarrelsome nature!

The Berdmore's Loach Syncrossus berdmorei is a good sized fish, reaching between 6 to 8 inches (15 - 20 cm) long in the aquarium. Once it reaches maturity and its full coloring has developed it makes an awesome addition to a large aquarium with other good sized, like-tempered tank mates.

The adult Berdsmore's is very attractive. It has a golden brown color overall with strong clear green vertical green banding and elongated spots running horizontally along the body and onto the tail fin. There is also a strong red coloring in the fins and tail. It is known by several common names including Blyth's Loach, Burmese Peppered Firetail Botia, Redfin Tiger Loach, Berdmore's Tiger Loach, and Tiger Loach.

As a juvenile this species is quite similar in to its close relative the Chameleon loach Syncrossus beauforti (previously Botia beauforti) in both color and body. But as adults only the Berdmore's Loach retains the green banding, and it grows much larger than the S. beauforti. When falling in love with the exquisite beauty of the Berdmore's Loach be ready for its rather quarrelsome nature. It could be okay with more robust tank mates, but it may want to be the star of its own aquarium and not tolerate any tank mates.

The Berdmore's Loach can range between a good community fish to semi-aggressive fish. Each fish will have its own degree of aggressive behavior.They are often intolerant of other loaches even their own species. Plan on keeping only one in the aquarium unless there are plenty of caves or retreats available for each to establish its own territory.

Don't keep them with any timid fish, rather keep them in a large aquarium with other more robust tank mates. As they can grow quite large they will need plenty of room for swimming. It is also recommended that they be kept in an aquarium with good clear water. They have two hinged spines beneath the eyes that they use for fighting. Be careful when moving them as these spines can easily get caught in a net.

Aquarist Experience Level: Intermediate
Size of fish - inches: 10.0 inches (25.40 cm)
Minimum Tank Size: 30 gal (114 L)
Temperament: Semi-aggressive
Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately hardy
Temperature: 72.0 to 79.0° F (22.2 to 26.1° C)

Scientific Name: Syncrossus berdmorei
Social Grouping: Groups - Normally loose groups.
IUCN Red List: NT - Near Threatened

Size of fish - inches: 10.0 inches (25.40 cm) - These fish are can reach about 6 - 8" (15 - 20 cm) in the aquarium, but in the wild these fish can get up to 10" (25 cm).
Lifespan: 12 years - Their lifespan is generally about 5 - 8 years though it is thought they could live up to 12.

Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately hardy
Aquarist Experience Level: Intermediate
Diet Type: Omnivore - In nature their primary diet is meaty foods, but will eat aquatic plants if available. In the aquarium will turn more to an omnivorous diet.
Flake Food: Occasionally
Tablet Pellet: Occasionally
Live foods (fishes, shrimps, worms): Half of Diet
Vegetable Food: Some of Diet
Meaty Food: Most of Diet
Feeding Frequency: Several feedings per day
Water Changes: Weekly - Water changes of 30% or more.

Minimum Tank Size: 30 gal (114 L)
Suitable for Nano Tank: No
Substrate Type: Sand/Gravel Mix
Lighting Needs: Low - subdued lighting
Temperature: 72.0 to 79.0° F (22.2 to 26.1° C)
Range ph: 6.5-7.5
Hardness Range: 5 - 12 dGH - They do best in soft to medium water.
Brackish: No
Water Movement: Strong
Water Region: Bottom - These fish are bottom dwellers.

Venomous: No
Temperament: Semi-aggressive
Compatible with:
- Same species - conspecifics: Sometimes - A pair or a group of 5 or more can be kept, but only in larger tanks.
- Peaceful fish (): Threat - This loach is a threat to smaller fish, long-finned fish, and territorial with other bottom dwellers.
- Semi-Aggressive (): Monitor
- Aggressive (): Monitor
- Large Semi-Aggressive (): Threat
- Large Aggressive, Predatory (): Threat
- Slow Swimmers & Eaters (): Threat - It will nip fins.
- Shrimps, Crabs, Snails: Threat - is aggressive - This loach will feed on snails.
- Plants: Safe - Generally safe though it may nibble on soft leaves.
- Ease of Breeding: Unknown

3- Black-Lined Loach( Click here for more information )

Negro Loach, Blackline Loach

Family: Cobitidae

The Black-Lined LoachYasuhikotakia nigrolineata is a very active yet peaceful fish. They are not as shy of light as many Botias and will be out and about, playing during the day. A small group of these loaches will make an attractive addition to a community aquarium.

This loach is relatively new to the aquarium hobby, being first described as a separate species in 1987. Black-Lined Loach has two dark stripes, one running along the side from its nose to its tail and another close to the top of its body. As a juvenile it can have darker, chain-like, vertical markings between the two stripes. Its background color is lighter below the middle stripe and a darker golden tone above. Other common names it is known by are Negro Loach and Blackline Loach.

Some reports say that chain type markings can show up on the Black-Lined Loach when it reaches about 1 3/4" in length, (though some reports say the Black-Lined Loach never has vertical markings). This chain type marking is common on its close relative the Dwarf Loach or Chain Loach Yasuhikotakia sidthimunki. Neither of these two loaches have vertical markings once they mature, but the Black-Lined Loach is distinguished by having two horizontal stripes on each side while the Dwarf Loach has only one.

This loach enjoys the company of their own species and will do best in a group of five to seven, three is the suggested minimum to keep. For a comfortable home provide a soft substrate, some rocks and roots, and some plants. The water should be soft with regular changes. They are easy to care for and will eat any type of food that is provided, especially enjoying live and frozen worms.

The Dwarf Loach or Chain Loach, a once very popular fish, has become highly endangered and wild caught specimens are not available. These loaches are being captive bred, but not always readily available and can be expensive. The Black-Lined Loach is very similar in both appearance and behavior, and is much more accessible. This loach is a great substitution for the the aquarist.

-Aquarist Experience Level: Intermediate

-Size of fish - inches: 3.9 inches (10.01 cm)

-Minimum Tank Size: 30 gal (114 L)

-Temperament: Peaceful

-Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately hardy

-Temperature: 68.0 to 77.0° F (20.0 to 25.0° C)

-Scientific Name: Yasuhikotakia nigrolineata

-Social Grouping: Groups

-IUCN Red List: VU - Vulnerable

-Size of fish - inches: 3.9 inches (10.01 cm) - They are generally about 3.15 inches (8 cm) in length, but are reported to have reached up to 4 inches (10 cm).

-Lifespan: 10 years - Their life span is usually about 5 - 8 years though it is thought they could live up to 10.

-Diet Type: Omnivore

-Flake Food: Yes

-Tablet Pellet: Occasionally

-Live foods (fishes, shrimps, worms): Some of Diet

-Vegetable Food: Some of Diet

-Meaty Food: Some of Diet

-Feeding Frequency: Several feedings per day

-Water Changes: Weekly - Water changes of about 30 - 50 % weekly.

-Minimum Tank Size: 30 gal (114 L)

-Suitable for Nano Tank: No

-Substrate Type: Sand/Gravel Mix

-Lighting Needs: Moderate - normal lighting

-Temperature: 68.0 to 77.0° F (20.0 to 25.0° C)

-Range ph: 6.5-6.9

-Hardness Range: 1 - 15 dGH

-Brackish: No

-Water Movement: Moderate

-Water Region: Middle - Unlike most of its genus, which are bottom dwellers, this fish tends to swim in the middle of the aquarium.

-Venomous: No

-Temperament: Peaceful

-Ease of Breeding: Unknown .

References :

Animal-World References: Freshwater Fish and Plants
Dr. Rüdiger Riehl and Hans A. Baensch, Aquarium Atlas Vol. 1, Publisher Hans A. Baensch, 1991
Martin Thoene, Yasuhikotakia nigrolineata, Loaches Online, 2009
Yasuhikotakia nigrolineata (Kottelat & Chu, 1987), Fishbase.org
Yasuhikotakia nigrolineata, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Bratz Walker, Sharks and Loaches, T.F.H. Publications, Inc., 1974

4- Chinese Golden Zebra Loach ( Click here for more information ):

Botia Robusta, Kansu Loach

Family: Cobitidae

The Botia Robusta has been given a truly fitting name, the Chinese Golden Zebra Loach!

Aquarist Experience Level: Intermediate
Size of fish - inches: 7.1 inches (18.01 cm)
Minimum Tank Size: 30 gal (114 L)
Temperament: Peaceful
Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately hardy
Temperature: 65.0 to 75.0° F (18.3 to 23.9° C)
Scientific Name: Sinibotia robusta
Social Grouping: Groups
IUCN Red List: DD - Data Deficient
Size of fish - inches: 7.1 inches (18.01 cm) - It can reach about 5 - 7 " (13 - 18 cm), but is normally a bit smaller in the aquarium.
Size of fish - inches: 7.1 inches (18.01 cm) - It can reach about 5 - 7 " (13 - 18 cm), but is normally a bit smaller in the aquarium.
Lifespan: 10 years - Their life span is about 8 - 10 years.

Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately hardy
Aquarist Experience Level: Intermediate
Diet Type: Omnivore
Flake Food: Yes
Tablet Pellet: Occasionally
Live foods (fishes, shrimps, worms): Some of Diet
Vegetable Food: Some of Diet
Meaty Food: Most of Diet
Feeding Frequency: Several feedings per day
Water Changes: Weekly - Water changes of about 30% weekly.
Minimum Tank Size: 30 gal (114 L)
Suitable for Nano Tank: No
Substrate Type: Sand/Gravel Mix - Should have larger smooth rocks for shelter as well.
Lighting Needs: Low - subdued lighting
Temperature: 65.0 to 75.0° F (18.3 to 23.9° C) - In the wild they enjoy a subtropical 65 - 75° F (18 - 24° C), but have been kept in the aquarium at 77 - 83° F (25 - 28° C).
Range ph: 7.0-7.8
Hardness Range: 6 - 22 dGH
Brackish: Sometimes - This is primarily a freshwater fish but it can be acclimated to low-salinity brackish water conditions. Keep specific gravity less than 1.005 and preferably less than 1.003.
Water Movement: Moderate
Water Region: Bottom - These fish are mostly bottom dwellers, but will occasionally swim in the middle of the aquarium.
Venomous: No
Temperament: Peaceful
Compatible with:
- Same species - conspecifics: Yes - Best in groups of 5 or more, with a minimum of 3.
- Peaceful fish (): Safe
- Semi-Aggressive (): Monitor
- Aggressive (): Threat
- Large Semi-Aggressive (): Threat
- Large Aggressive, Predatory (): Threat
- Slow Swimmers & Eaters (): Monitor - Is known to nip the fins of slow swimming long fined fish.
- Shrimps, Crabs, Snails: Threat - is aggressive - Will eat snails.
- Plants: Monitor

Ease of Breeding: Unknown

References
Animal-World References: Freshwater Fish and Plants
Dr. Rüdiger Riehl and Hans A. Baensch, Aquarium Atlas Vol. 1, Publisher Hans A. Baensch, 1991
Dr. Rüdiger Riehl and Hans A. Baensch, Aquarium Atlas Vol. 4 , Mergus Verlag (June 30, 2004)
Martin Thoene, Sinibotia robusta, Loaches Online, 2009
Sinibotia robusta (Wu, 1939), Fishbase.org
Sinibotia robusta, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Bratz Walker, Sharks and Loaches, T.F.H. Publications, Inc., 1974

5- Clown Loach :

Tiger Loach

Family: Cobitidae

The Clown Loach is a very popular fish, land makes a fabulous freshwater showpiece!

The Clown Loach Chromobotia macracanthus is one of the most beautifully colored and patterned of all the freshwater fish. It is loved for its bright colors and is one of the more outgoing loach personalities.This very popular fish is also known as the Tiger Loach.

This handsome "tiger loach" has a bright orangish to reddish body and three broad jet black vertical bars. One bar passes through the eye, the next is located just in front of the dorsal fin, and the third starts at front of the dorsal fin and goes back to the base of the tail. It also has a bright to deep red coloring on the front fins and tail. All together this vibrant, complimentary color combination makes it an extremely striking fish. They are most colorful when they are young however, and do become a bit less brilliant as a larger fish.

This fish will need a good sized tank as an adult because in the aquarium a Clown Loach can grow up to about 6 1/2 to 8 inches (16-20 cm) long. The word "macracanthus" stands for "big spine", and as this name suggests they have a pre orbital spine that is quite large. Being pre orbital means the spine is located in the area under and in front of the eyes. It makes an effective defensive weapon. They also have four barbels in the mouth area, and have been known to make audible clicking sounds.

The Clown Loach likes an aquarium with lots of plants and other areas for retreat. For the most part they are a shy bottom dweller, but unlike many loaches this Tiger Loach is active during the day. Once they are secure in their environment they can even become quite tame. They like the company of their own species and can also be kept with other fish. Clown Loaches are fairly easy to keep, but they are prone to ich.

Aquarist Experience Level: Intermediate
Size of fish - inches: 16.0 inches (40.64 cm)
Minimum Tank Size: 75 gal (284 L)
Temperament: Peaceful
Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately hardy

Habitat: Distribution / Background

The Clown Loach or Tiger Loach Chromobotia macracanthus (previously Botia macrocanthus) was described by Bleeker in 1852. It is found in Southeast Asia; from Borneo, Sumatra, and Indonesia. In 2004 Maurice Kottelat separated this species from the Botias into its own genus. There is only one species in this genus due to its unique morphological features. This species is listed not on the IUCN Red List

This fish normally inhabits rivers for most of the year and then migrates up smaller waterways to mate. They are found in either running or standing waters in their natural habitat where they live in large shoals. During the monsoons they tend to migrate to the flooded plains. Depending on the region that the loach lives, there are various types of water with some being very clear and others very murky. The Clown's coloring will actually vary depending on the regional water. They feeds on worms, crustaceans and plant matter.

Though it's generally stated in most publications that they reach up to about 12 inches (30 cm) in length, it is said that they can grow to about 16 inches (40 cm) in nature, and to live up to 20 years. In many regions the Clown Loach is used as a food source as well as put into the aquarium trade.

Scientific Name: Chromobotia macracanthus
Social Grouping: Groups - This loach lives in large shoals in the wild.

Description:

The Clown Loach is a beautiful large fish. The Clown's body is long and laterally compressed with an arched dorsal surface and a flat ventral surface. Its mouth is angled down with thick lips and four pairs of barbels. Clowns also have preorbital spines that are located in the area under and in front of the eyes. It is reported in nature these loaches can grow close to 16 inches (40.64 cm) in length, but in aquariums they normally only get up to about 8 - 10 inches (20 - 25 cm).

This fish looks much like a tiger in is color patterning. Its body is light orange to a darker reddish orange. There are three broad jet black vertical bars crossing the body with one passing through the eye, one just in front of the dorsal fin, and one starting at the front of the dorsal fin and extending back to the base of the tail. There is also has a bright to deep red coloring on the front fins and tail. They are most colorful when they are young, becoming a bit less brilliant as they mature.

There are regional variations on the coloring. The pelvic fins of the Borneo Clowns are reddish orange and black while the pelvic fins on the Sumatra Clowns are entirely reddish orange.

Size of fish - inches: 16.0 inches (40.64 cm) - These fish get up to 16 inches (40.64 cm) in the wild though they haven't been known to reach that length in the home aquarium. Captive species are seldom longer than 6.5" (16 cm), with about 8" (20 cm) being the maximum.
Lifespan: 20 years

Fish Keeping Difficulty

This loach can be hardy under the right conditions. They are not recommended for beginners because of their need for pristine water and having small body scales. Reduced scales makes them more prone to disease and very sensitive to medications used to treat disease. Experience in treating scaleless fish is very important to be able to give your loach a healthy and long life. Do not try to introduce these fish into biologically immature tanks.

Make sure to check compatibility with other tank mates as the Clown Loach gets stressed fairly easily. Because the Clown Loach is so susceptible to ich, take care when introducing new fish to your tank. This loach will often lay on its back or side, this is normal.

Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately hardy
Aquarist Experience Level: Intermediate

Foods and Feeding :

In nature the Clown Loach feeds on worms, crustaceans and plant matter. Since they are omnivorous, will generally eat all kinds of live foods, flakes, and algae. They like tablets and frozen foods as well. To keep a good balance give them a high quality flake food everyday. Feed brine shrimp (either live or frozen) as a treat. They also like mosquito larvae, tubifex, daphnia, and vegetable foods such as algae wafers. These loaches may also prey on snails in your tank.

Diet Type: Omnivore - In the wild more of a carnivore.
Flake Food: Yes
Tablet Pellet: Yes
Live foods (fishes, shrimps, worms): Some of Diet
Vegetable Food: Some of Diet
Meaty Food: Most of Diet
Feeding Frequency: Several feedings per day

Aquarium Care :

The most important thing for these loaches is that they always have clean and well-oxygenated water. Frequent water changes of about 30% a week are needed. With your weekly water change make sure to vacuum the gravel to remove all excess food and waste. Make sure not to remove the bio film on rocks, decor or no viewing panes of the tank. A magnet algae cleaner normally does a great job in keeping the viewing pane clear. Be cautious when cleaning the tank not to get poke by the Clown loach's spines.

Water Changes: Weekly

Aquarium Setup:

The Clown Loach will swim mostly on the bottom of the aquarium but will also swim in the middle, especially once they are comfortable with their habitat and routine. These Loaches get very large and can be kept in groups, so a tank 75 gallons or greater is needed. They do best in a soft to medium water with subdued lighting. There should be a lot of submerged boulders and branches to give this loach a very dark area to retreat.

Never introduce this Loach into a biological immature setup as these fish require pristine water. They need good water movement that provides plenty of oxygenation. The tank should turnover at least 10-15 times per hour. An undergravel filter is a great choice for these fish as it creates high oxygen through out the tank as well as reducing the waste. Adding a canister filter, or powerheads and airstones, to the setup will make the proper current for this loach.

The decor is really up to personal taste as the fish doesn't really pay much attention to it. If the tank is to resemble its natural habitat, sand and gravel mix would be best for the substrate. The substrate should be fine enough to allow digging without damaging its barbels. A lot of smooth water-worn large rocks and stones should be scattered throughout. A couple pieces of driftwood and some twisted roots will make a great place to retreat. These loaches are very inquisitive and like to explore so make sure to have a lot of caves and crevices. These fish can and will jump out of the tank if given the chance so make sure to have a tight fitting cover.

Minimum Tank Size: 75 gal (284 L)
Suitable for Nano Tank: No
Substrate Type: Sand/Gravel Mix - Should have a lot of large boulders and rocks for cover.
Lighting Needs: Low - subdued lighting
Temperature: 77.0 to 86.0° F (25.0 to 30.0° C)
Range ph: 6.0-6.5
Hardness Range: 5 - 12 dGH - They do best in soft to medium water.
Brackish: No
Water Movement: Moderate

Social Behaviors :

The Clown Loach is a big fish that is lively and fun to watch. They can be kept in a community aquarium but smaller fish can easily be intimidated by its size and behavior. Slow moving, long finned fish need to be avoided as this loach may nip any trailing fins.

They do like the company of their own species, yet these loaches form a social hierarchy and should be kept in groups of 5 or more if the tank is big enough. Any less and the dominant loach may act out towards any fish that is of similar shape. If kept in pairs the dominant loach may also attack the other and prevent it from eating.

Venomous: No
Temperament: Peaceful
Compatible with:
- Same species - conspecifics: Yes - Best kept in groups of 5 or more.
- Peaceful fish (): Safe - More active the tank mates, the more active your clown will be. Clown Loach is a big fish and can intimidate smaller community fish.
- Semi-Aggressive (): Monitor
- Aggressive (): Threat
- Large Semi-Aggressive (): Threat
- Large Aggressive, Predatory (): Threat
- Slow Swimmers & Eaters (): Monitor
- Shrimps, Crabs, Snails: May be aggressive
- Plants: Monitor - Clowns are large active loaches that will make a mess out of most planted plants.

Sex: Sexual differences

The body of the mature Clown Loach deepens considerably and females normally have thicker bodies. There are various theories about caudal fin lobe shapes being different, but these are inconclusive. In general it is said that the lobes of the caudal fin are thinner on males.

Breeding / Reproduction

The Clown Loach has rarely been bred in the home aquarium. There are only a couple of reports of success, with the most recent being in the fall of 2007 by Colin Dunlop from Carluke, Scotland. In an article from the publication Practical Fishkeeping, there are photographs of the spawn but he said that most of the eggs were infertile, and no fry have yet been reported. It is thought that they need a large aquarium with lots of hiding places, along with their being satisfied with their aquarium conditions.

They have been spawned commercially with the aid of hormones on fish farm in the Czech Republic, and farmed fish are available from both there and from Asia.

Ease of Breeding: Difficult

Fish Diseases :

Loaches are more susceptible to disease than other aquarium fishes. This may have to do with the faint body scales and no head scales. Take caution when introducing these fish to an established tank. The Berdmore's Loach is also very sensitive to different medications used to treat many diseases; a separate hospital tank is needed. Cold water and condition changes can also cause stress to this fish which makes them even more prone to disease.

The Clown Loach is prone to ick. This is the most common disease that affects this loach. Ich is short for Ichthyophthirius, also known as "white spot disease". It is a parasite that can attack nearly all aquarium fishes, but you'll find that loaches are often the first to be attacked. Take great care in treating ick as loaches are very sensitive to the medications used to treat it. Often the dose is half of what is normally used.

An outbreak of disease can often be limited to just one or a few fishes if you deal with it at an early stage. When keeping these sensitive types of fish, it is common to catch deteriorating water conditions and disease before other fish are affected. The best way to proactively prevent disease is to give your Clown Loach the proper environment and give them a well balanced diet. The closer to their natural habitat the less stress the fish will have, making them healthier and happy. A stressed fish will is more likely to acquire disease.

Anything you add to your tank can bring disease to your tank. Not only other fish but plants, substrate, and decorations can harbor bacteria. Take great care and make sure to properly clean or quarantine anything that you add to an established tank so not to upset the balance. It is recommended to read up on the common tank diseases. Knowing the signs and catching and treating them early makes a huge difference. For information about freshwater fish diseases and illnesses, see Aquarium Fish Diseases and Treatments.

References

Animal-World References: Freshwater Fish and Plants
Dr. Rüdiger Riehl and Hans A. Baensch, Aquarium Atlas Vol. 1, Publisher Hans A. Baensch, 1991
Martin Thoene, Clown Loach (Chromobotia macracanthus), Loaches Online, 2009
Chromobotia macracanthus (Bleeker, 1852) Clown loach, Fishbase.org
Bratz Walker, Sharks and Loaches, T.F.H. Publications, Inc., 1974

6- Dojo Loach( Click here for more information ) :

Weather Loach, Oriental weatherfish, Chinese Weatherfish

Family: Cobitidae

The Dojo Loach is a true curiosity with their habit of becoming very active when there is a weather change!

The Dojo Loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus is a remarkable fish. It is quite hardy and adaptable. It is commonly referred to as a Weather Loach or Weatherfish, derived from their habit of becoming very active when there is a change in the weather change, possible related to barometric pressure.

This loach is available in both its wild form and in a gold variety, called the Golden Dojo Loach. It is called by a number of common names including Oriental Weatherfish, Chinese Weatherfish, Japanese Weatherfish, Oriental Weather Loach, and Pond loach. In its wild form this loach has dark greenish gray to dark brown spots over a yellowish brown body (often mottled) with a paler belly. The Golden Dojo Loach variety can range from a yellow to an orange color and they are usually thin bodied.

Dojo Loaches have some very unique qualities and are very 'pet-like'. They can be trained to take food from your hand and even enjoy being touched. They are also jumpers. Should they happen to leap out of their home they can survive for a time even out of the water. A couple of ways the Weather Loach does this is by producing a thick mucus coating that keeps them moist; and by being able to swallow air, absorbing atmospheric oxygen through their hind gut.

This loach is very easy to care for. They wiggle about in an eel like fashion scavenging the bottom for leftover bits of food, even munching on snails. They also like to dig and burrow into the substrate often burying themselves. Provide an aquarium that is large enough for its playful antics, have a soft substrate of sand or fine gravel, and have a good filter for the detritus they stir up. They are most active in the evening, so during the day they like hiding and resting places created with rocks and wood. Plants are nice but they should be potted.

They make an excellent community fish with other non-aggressive tank mates. This fish loves to socialize with other fish and loaches. They sometimes rest with them or sometimes chase them about, but they don't hurt them.

Aquarist Experience Level: Intermediate
Size of fish - inches: 11.3 inches (28.58 cm)
Minimum Tank Size: 55 gal (208 L)
Temperament: Peaceful
Aquarium Hardiness: Very Hardy
Temperature: 50.0 to 77.0° F (10.0 to 25.0° C)
Scientific Name: Misgurnus anguillicaudatus
Social Grouping: Groups
IUCN Red List: LC - Least Concern
Size of fish - inches: 11.3 inches (28.58 cm) - These fish will reach about 6" (15 cm) in the aquarium, though are much larger in the wild.
Lifespan: 10 years - They have a lifespan of about 7 - 10 years.
Aquarium Hardiness: Very Hardy
Aquarist Experience Level: Intermediate - Loaches generally require pristine water conditions.
Diet Type: Omnivore
Flake Food: Yes
Tablet Pellet: Yes - Sinking pellets.
Live foods (fishes, shrimps, worms): Some of Diet - Enjoys live snails and earthworms.
Vegetable Food: Some of Diet
Meaty Food: Most of Diet
Feeding Frequency: Several feedings per day
Water Changes: Weekly - Water changes of about 30% weekly.
Minimum Tank Size: 55 gal (208 L) - The longer the tank the better, with 4 feet being minimum.
Suitable for Nano Tank: No
Substrate Type: Sand - Should be a soft substrate as this loach likes to burrow.
Lighting Needs: Low - subdued lighting
Temperature: 50.0 to 77.0° F (10.0 to 25.0° C)
Range ph: 6.5-7.5
Hardness Range: 5 - 12 dGH
Brackish: No
Water Movement: Moderate
Water Region: Bottom - These fish are mostly bottom dwellers, but will spend some time in the middle and top of the aquarium.
Venomous: No
Temperament: Peaceful
Compatible with:
- Same species - conspecifics: Yes - Should be kept in groups of 3 or more.
- Peaceful fish (): Safe - Safe as long as the fish are large enough not to be looked at as food.
- Semi-Aggressive (): Monitor
- Aggressive (): Threat
- Large Semi-Aggressive (): Threat
- Large Aggressive, Predatory (): Threat
- Slow Swimmers & Eaters (): Monitor - As long as the fish is large enough it will be safe.
- Shrimps, Crabs, Snails: Threat - is aggressive - Will feed on snails and shrimp.
- Plants: Monitor - Plants need to be secured down, the Dojo will un root most plants.

Ease of Breeding: Unknown

References

Animal-World References: Freshwater Fish and Plants
Dr. Rüdiger Riehl and Hans A. Baensch, Aquarium Atlas Vol. 1, Publisher Hans A. Baensch, 1991
Dr. Rüdiger Riehl and Hans A. Baensch, Aquarium Atlas Vol. 2, Publisher Hans A. Baensch, 1993
Martin Thoene, Weather Loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus), Loaches Online, 2009
Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (Cantor, 1842) Pond loach, Fishbase.org
Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Bratz Walker, Sharks and Loaches, T.F.H. Publications, Inc., 1974

7- Dwarf Loach ( Click here for more information ) :

Dwarf Chain Loach, Dwarf Botia, Monkey Botia

Family: Cobitidae

The Dwarf Chain Loach is considered to be the best all around aquarium fish of Botia type loaches!

The Dwarf Loach or Chain Loach Yasuhikotakia sidthimunki is one of the most attractive Botia type loaches. Previously it was scientifically described as Botia sidthimunki. It has a pretty golden to white coloring accented with a nice bold chain-type patterning that extends along the entire length of the upper half of its body.

This Chained Loach is considered to be the smallest of its genus, reaching only 2 to 2 1/2 inches (5 - 6 cm) in length. It has been a popular fish and all sorts of common names are associated with it. They are derived from both its appearance and its interesting behaviors, as well as its scientific names. You can find it called Dwarf Chain Loach, Dwarf Botia, Monkey Botia, Chained Loach, Ladderback Loach, Pygmy Loach, Mouse Loach, Chipmunk Botia, Sid, and Sid Monkey Loach.

This is a very active, yet peaceful fish. A small group of Dwarf Loach makes an attractive addition to a community aquarium. They enjoy the company of their own species and will do best in a group of six to eight, three is considered the minimum. These loaches are not as shy of light as many of its cousins, and will be active and playful during the day. For a comfortable home provide a soft substrate, some rocks and roots, and some plants for resting places. The water should be soft with regular changes. They are easy to care for in a well maintained aquarium and will eat any type of food that is provided, especially enjoying live and frozen worms.

Dams constructed on their natural river system caused a lot of habitat destruction, so wild caught specimens are extremely rare. These fish are commercially produced today, but are not often readily available and can be expensive. Its close cousin The Black-Lined Loach Yasuhikotakia nigrolineata is very similar in both appearance and behavior, and can be a good substitution.

Aquarist Experience Level: Intermediate
Size of fish - inches: 2.4 inches (5.99 cm)
Minimum Tank Size: 20 gal (76 L)
Temperament: Peaceful
Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately hardy

Scientific Name: Ambastaia sidthimunki
Social Grouping: Groups

Size of fish - inches: 2.4 inches (5.99 cm) - These fish generally reach from 2 - 2 1/2 inches (5 - 6 cm).

Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately hardy

Diet Type: Omnivore
Flake Food: Yes
Tablet Pellet: Yes
Live foods (fishes, shrimps, worms): Some of Diet
Vegetable Food: Some of Diet
Meaty Food: Most of Diet

Water Changes: Weekly - Water changes of about 30% weekly.
Minimum Tank Size: 20 gal (76 L)
Suitable for Nano Tank: Yes
Substrate Type: Sand/Gravel Mix
Lighting Needs: Low - subdued lighting
Temperature: 76.0 to 82.0° F (24.4 to 27.8° C)
Range ph: 6.5-6.9
Hardness Range: 1 - 15 dGH
Brackish: No
Water Movement: Moderate
Water Region: Middle - Unlike most of its genus, which are primarily bottom dwellers, this fish tends to also swim in the middle of the aquarium.
Venomous: No
Temperament: Peaceful
Compatible with:
- Same species - conspecifics: Yes - Best in groups of 6 or more, with a minimum of 3.
- Peaceful fish (): Safe - Safe with fish that stay in the middle to upper parts of the tank. Can be nippy with slower bottom fish.
- Semi-Aggressive (): Monitor
- Aggressive (): Threat
- Large Semi-Aggressive (): Threat
- Large Aggressive, Predatory (): Threat
- Slow Swimmers & Eaters (): Monitor
- Shrimps, Crabs, Snails: Threat - is aggressive
- Plants: Monitor - Can be nippy with slow swimming long-finned fish and slower bottom fish.
Ease of Breeding: Difficult

References:
Animal-World References: Freshwater Fish and Plants
Dr. Rüdiger Riehl and Hans A. Baensch, Aquarium Atlas Vol. 1, Publisher Hans A. Baensch, 1991
Martin Thoene, Dwarf Loach (Yasuhikotakia sidthimunki), Loaches Online, 2009
Yasuhikotakia sidthimunki (Klausewitz, 1959) Dwarf botia, Fishbase.org
Yasuhikotakia sidthimunki, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Bratz Walker, Sharks and Loaches, T.F.H. Publications, Inc., 1974

8- Horseface Loach ( Click here for more information ) :

Horsehead Loach, Long-nosed Loach

Family: Cobitidae

The Horseface Loach has a long nose and loves to rummage through the substrate for morsels of food!

The Horseface Loach Acantopsis choirorhynchos is and interesting aquarium inhabitants that enjoys burrowing. It is also known as the Horsehead Loach and its overall shape is quite suited to its habits. It likes to burrow into the substrate and will sift the sand through its gills in search of microorganisms or other food.

The body of the Horseface Loach is elongated, with a flat belly. The snout is characteristically long and bends downward about halfway between the eyes and nose. It strongly resembles a horse! (go figure) The eyes are covered with a transparent layer and are perched near the top of the head, and slightly protrude from the head. There are no scales on this fish's head. The back and sides of the fish are light brown with various spots and stripes. The lower parts of the fish are white while the fins are brownish.

Be careful when purchasing as they are sometimes offered for sale as a "Long-nosed Loach" and vice-versa. The Long-nosed Loach is actually a different species, Acantopsis octoactinotos. The two species resemble each other but the Long-nosed Loach is more aggressive (will eat smaller fish like Neon Tetras and Zebra Danios) and is not a burrower. The Long-nosed Loach also does not have the characteristic downturn on its snout.

They have a quiet disposition and make a great community fish.They are generally quite peaceful but they will defend a territory against members of their own species. It is best to keep single fish with other community fish. They enjoy burrowing and should be provided a rounded sand or fine gravel substrate. Provided with the right habitat and a properly maintained aquarium and these hardy fish will reward the aquarist with an interesting and long lived pet.

Aquarist Experience Level: Intermediate
Size of fish - inches: 11.8 inches (30.00 cm)
Minimum Tank Size: 55 gal (208 L)
Temperament: Peaceful
Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately hardy
Scientific Name: Acantopsis choirorhynchos
Social Grouping: Groups
IUCN Red List: LC - Least Concern
Diet Type: Omnivore
Flake Food: Yes
Tablet Pellet: Yes
Live foods (fishes, shrimps, worms): Some of Diet
Vegetable Food: Some of Diet
Meaty Food: Most of Diet
Feeding Frequency: Several feedings per day
Water Changes: Weekly - Water changes of 30 - 50% weekly.
Minimum Tank Size: 55 gal (208 L) - Juveniles will be fine in 20 gallons or more but a full grown adult needs 35 - 45 gallons minimum, with 55 gallons or more needed for a group.
Suitable for Nano Tank: No
Substrate Type: Sand/Gravel Mix - Should be soft enough so they can burrow without injury.
Lighting Needs: Low - subdued lighting
Temperature: 79.0 to 84.0° F (26.1 to 28.9° C)
Range ph: 6.0-7.0
Hardness Range: 1 - 10 dGH
Brackish: Sometimes - This is primarily a freshwater fish but it can be acclimated to low-salinity brackish water conditions. Keep specific gravity less than 1.005 and preferably less than 1.003.
Water Movement: Moderate
Water Region: Bottom - These fish are mostly bottom dwellers, but will occasionally swim in the middle or upper parts of the aquarium.
Venomous: No
Temperament: Peaceful
Compatible with:
- Same species - conspecifics: Yes - A group of 6 or more is best, with a minimum of three.
- Peaceful fish (): Safe - This loach is compatible with top and mid-dwelling active fishes.
- Semi-Aggressive (): Monitor
- Aggressive (): Threat
- Large Semi-Aggressive (): Threat
- Large Aggressive, Predatory (): Threat
- Slow Swimmers & Eaters (): Monitor
- Shrimps, Crabs, Snails: May be aggressive
- Plants: Monitor
Ease of Breeding: Unknown
References
Animal-World References: Freshwater Fish and Plants
Dr. Rüdiger Riehl and Hans A. Baensch, Aquarium Atlas Vol. 1, Publisher Hans A. Baensch, 1991
Mark in Vancouver, Acantopsis choirorhynchus, Loaches Online, 2009
Acantopsis choirorhynchos (BLEEKER, 1854) Horse Face Loach, Seriously Fish, 2011
Acantopsis choirorhynchos (Bleeker, 1854) Horseface loach, Fishbase.org
Acantopsis choirorhynchos, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Bratz Walker, Sharks and Loaches, T.F.H. Publications, Inc., 1974

9- Java Loach ( Click here for more information ) :

Black Kuhli Loach, Chocolate Kuhli Loach, Black Kuhli

Family: Cobitidae

Java Loach is perfect if you like the wiggly action of the kuhli, but with a more streamlined look!

The Java Loach or Black Kuhli Loach Pangio oblonga is sometimes referred to as an 'unbanded coolie'. It is a uniform reddish brown color on its body and head (slightly lighter on the underside). There is also a single black bar at the base of the tail. It is also referred to as Chocolate Kuhli Loach and Black Kuhli.

As with any of the Kuhli loaches, the Java Loach needs to be introduced into an established aquarium. They won't do well in a newly set up tank. When first introduced they can be shy, but once they are established and comfortable, they are quite undemanding. They are nocturnal, so get most active at night. They do prefer to be fed at the end of the day.

The Black Kuhli Loach has the typical behaviors of the Pangio genus. It spends its time actively scurrying around, over, and through the plants and ornamentation. It is scavenging for leftover foods that have settled on the bottom of the aquarium. This is a great little helper in keeping the aquarium clean and in good shape..

They are peaceful with other tank mates, and although the Java Loaches are not a schooling fish, they will be more likely to come out of hiding if you keep them with several of their own species. Having like companionship makes them more prone to behave as they would in nature. They do best in groups of three or more. They are quite hardy and can live for several years.

There are several other interesting unbanded species in the Pangio genera. These include the Pangio borneensis(previously Acanthophthalmus borneensis), and Pangio filinaris (previously Acanthophthalmus filinaris).

Members of the Kuhli loach group with bands including the familiar Kuhli Loach (Coolie Loach or e Cinnamon Loach)Pangio pangia, Myer's Loach (also called Myer's Slimy Loach or Giant Kuhli Loach) Pangio myersi, Indian ThorneyePangio cuneovirgata, Half-Banded Loach Pangio semicincta, Shelford's Thorneye (Borneo Loach) Pangio shelfordii, and another one that is not often seen is the Dwarf Kuhli Pangio robiginosa.

-Aquarist Experience Level: Intermediate

-Size of fish - inches: 3.2 inches (8.00 cm)

-Minimum Tank Size: 20 gal (76 L)

-Temperament: Peaceful

-Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately hardy

-Temperature: 73.0 to 77.0° F (22.8 to 25.0° C)

-Scientific Name: Pangio oblonga

-Social Grouping: Groups - Not actually schooling fish but are usually found in clusters of their own kind.

-IUCN Red List: NE - Not Evaluated or not listed

-Size of fish - inches: 3.2 inches (8.00 cm) - These fish can get up to just over 3 inches (8 cm).

-Lifespan: 10 years - This fish has a lifespan of about 8 - 10 years.

-Diet Type: Omnivore

-Flake Food: Yes

-Tablet Pellet: Occasionally

-Live foods (fishes, shrimps, worms): Some of Diet

-Vegetable Food: Some of Diet

-Meaty Food: Most of Diet

-Feeding Frequency: Several feedings per day

-Water Changes: Weekly - Water changes of about 30% weekly.

-Minimum Tank Size: 20 gal (76 L)

-Suitable for Nano Tank: Yes

-Substrate Type: Sand/Gravel Mix - Substrate needs to be soft, so use very fine gravel or sand.

-Lighting Needs: Low - subdued lighting

-Temperature: 73.0 to 77.0° F (22.8 to 25.0° C)

-Range ph: 6.3-6.5

-Hardness Range: 4 - 8 dGH

-Brackish: No

-Water Movement: Weak

-Water Region: Bottom - These fish are mostly bottom dwellers but may swim all about the tank at night.

-Venomous: No

-Temperament: Peaceful

Compatible with:
- Same species - conspecifics: Yes - Best kept in groups of 3 or more, if kept singly it will seldom be seen.
- Peaceful fish (): Safe
- Semi-Aggressive (): Monitor
- Aggressive (): Threat
- Large Semi-Aggressive (): Threat
- Large Aggressive, Predatory (): Threat
- Slow Swimmers & Eaters (): Safe
- Shrimps, Crabs, Snails: Safe - not aggressive
- Plants: Safe

References

Animal-World References: Freshwater Fish and Plants
Dr. Rüdiger Riehl and Hans A. Baensch, Aquarium Atlas Vol. 1, Publisher Hans A. Baensch, 1991
Robin, Pangio oblonga, Loaches Online, 2009
Pangio oblonga (Valenciennes, 1846) Java loach, Fishbase.org
Bratz Walker, Sharks and Loaches, T.F.H. Publications, Inc., 1974

10-Kuhli Loach :

Coolie Loach, Giant Coolie Loach, Leopard Loach

Family: Cobitidae

The wiggly little Kuhli Loach keeps quite busy snacking on foods left uneaten by the other fish!

The Kuhli Loach Pangio kuhlii is an active, fascinating little fish. Its behaviors are typical of all members of the Pangio genus. It keeps in almost constant motion, actively scurrying around, over, and through the plants and ornamentation. It is scavenging for leftover foods that have settled on the bottom of the aquarium. This is a great little helper in keeping the aquarium clean and in good shape..

This little fish was originally named and is best known as the Kuhli Loach or Prickly Eye, but there are quite a few other common names often associated with this fish. For example, in the United States this loach is sometimes also called the Coolie Loach, Giant Coolie Loach, Leopard Loach, and Cinnamon Loach. Coolie Loaches are exported by the millions for the aquarium hobby.

Though peaceful, the Kuhli Loach is nocturnal and is most active at night. They can also be quite shy and will seldom be seen if kept alone. This doesn't mean they are a schooling fish, as they are not, but they are more comfortable and more likely to come out of hiding if they have some companions. A group of a half dozen or so will make them more prone to behave as they would in nature. They are quite hardy and can live for several years.

The term 'kuhli loach' is often used collectively to refer to a group fish in the Pangio genus (previously theAcanthophthalmus genus) that are much like the actual Kuhli Loach. These loaches all have the elongated wormlike body shape, are fairly similar in size and appearance, and are also wiggly little scavengers who make great aquarium cleaners. Each of these fish however, can be distinguished from the Kuhli Loach by their individual color patterns and adult size.

Some of the other members of the Kuhli loach group are the Java Loach (Black Kuhli Loach) Pangio oblonga, theMyer's Loach (also called Myer's Slimy Loach or Giant Kuhli Loach) Pangio myersi, Indian Thorneye Pangio cuneovirgata, Half-Banded Loach Pangio semicincta, Shelford's Thorneye (Borneo Loach) Pangio shelfordii, and another one that is not often seen is the Dwarf Kuhli Pangio robiginosa.

-quarist Experience Level: Intermediate

-Size of fish - inches: 4.7 inches (11.99 cm)

-Minimum Tank Size: 20 gal (76 L)

-Temperament: Peaceful

-Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately hardy

-Temperature: 73.0 to 86.0° F (22.8 to 30.0° C)

Habitat: Distribution / Background

The Kuhli Loach Pangio kuhlii (previously Acanthophthalmus kuhlii) was described by Valenciennes in 1846. They are found in southeast Asia; Sumatra, Singapore, western Malaysia, Java, Borneo, and Thailand. This species is not listed on the IUCN Red List. Other common names they are known by include Prickly Eye, Coolie Loach, Giant Coolie Loach, Cinnamon Loach, and Leopard Loach.

They live in sandy areas of slow- moving rivers and mountain streams covered in leaf litter. Their habitats are normally shaded from the sun by the forests canopy. In nature these loaches are found in small groups, however they are not schooling fish.

Scientific Name: Pangio kuhlii
Social Grouping: Groups - Not actually schooling fish, but are usually found in clusters of their own kind.
IUCN Red List: NE - Not Evaluated or not listed

Description:

The Kuhli Loach is a smaller, worm-like loach that can reach from 3 - 4 1/2 inches (7.8 - 12 cm) in length, though generally a bit smaller in the aquarium. Their life span is generally about 10 years, though they been reported to live even longer.

This loach's body has a pinkish yellow background color crossed by 12 to 17 vertical dark bars and has three bars on its head. There are no scales on the head, the eyes are covered by a transparent skin with a short spine in front of them, and they have 3 pairs of whisker-like barbels. The dorsal fin is set very far back, and the anal fin is set at the end of the base of the dorsal fin.

Their is also an albino color form of this Loach, known as the Albino Kuhli Loach. This a bred color form, and it is not certain whether the Albino Kuhli Loach occurs naturally in the wild. But these would be highly visible animals, so beacons for predation.

Size of fish - inches: 4.7 inches (11.99 cm) - These fish can get up to about 4 1/2 inches (12 cm), though they are usually smaller in the aquarium.
Lifespan: 10 years - This fish generally has a lifespan of about 10 years, but has been reported to live longer.

Fish Keeping Difficulty

This loach can be hardy under the right conditions. They are not recommended for beginners because of their need for pristine water and having small body scales and no scales on the head. Reduced scales makes them more prone to disease and very sensitive to medications used to treat disease. Experience in treating scaleless fish is very important to be able to give your loach a healthy and long life. Do not try to introduce these fish into biologically immature tanks.

Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately hardy
Aquarist Experience Level: Intermediate

Foods and Feeding :

Since they are omnivorous, the Kuhli Loach will generally eat all kinds of small live and frozen foods and meat based foods are relished the most. They also like sinking pelleted and tablet foods, flakes, and a bit of vegetable foods such as algae wafers. To keep a good balance give them a high quality prepared food everyday. Feed tubifex worms, brine shrimp (either live or frozen), mosquito larvae, and daphnia as a treat.

Diet Type: Omnivore
Flake Food: Yes
Tablet Pellet: Occasionally
Live foods (fishes, shrimps, worms): Some of Diet
Vegetable Food: Some of Diet
Meaty Food: Most of Diet
Feeding Frequency: Several feedings per day

Aquarium Care:

The most important thing for these loaches is that they always have clean and well-oxygenated water. Frequent water changes of about 30% a week are needed for the Kuhli Loach. With your weekly water change make sure to vacuum the gravel to remove all excess food and waste, but It's best not to remove any bio film on rocks and decor. A magnet algae cleaner normally does a great job in keeping the viewing pane clear.

Water Changes: Weekly - 30%

The Kuhli Loach will swim mostly on the bottom of the aquarium, but at night these loaches will swim all over the tank. Never introduce this loach into a biological immature setup as these fish require pristine water. This fish will do well in a medium sized aquarium (ideally 20 gallons or so) with soft, slightly acidic water and subdued lighting. They need good water movement that provides plenty of oxygenation. The tank water should turnover at least 10-15 times per hour. An undergravel filter is a great choice for these fish as it creates high oxygen through out the tank as well as reducing the waste. Adding a canister filter or power head to the setup will make the proper current for this loach.

The decor with for fish is really up to personal taste, but the substrate needs to be a fine gravel or sand that does not have sharp edges. They will also enjoy a bit of peat moss spread over the substrate to simulate the natural mulm found in their native environment. Some smooth water-worn large rocks and stones should be scattered throughout along with a couple pieces of driftwood and some twisted roots will make a great place to retreat. These loaches are very inquisitive and like to explore so make sure to have a lot of caves and crevices. These fish can and will jump out of the tank if given the chance so make sure to have a tight fitting cover.

Minimum Tank Size: 20 gal (76 L)
Suitable for Nano Tank: Yes
Substrate Type: Sand/Gravel Mix
Lighting Needs: Low - subdued lighting
Temperature: 73.0 to 86.0° F (22.8 to 30.0° C) - Though best kept in the 70's, They can tolerate the low 80°s for a short period.
Range ph: 5.5-6.5
Hardness Range: 0 - 5 dGH
Brackish: No
Water Movement: Moderate
Water Region: Bottom - These fish are mostly bottom dwellers but will swim in all areas of the tank at night.

Social Behaviors :

This loach is a peaceful community fish and a great scavenger of uneaten foods that settle to the bottom of the aquarium. They hide during the day, but are quite lively and active in the evening. Though they do not school, they will be more likely to come out of hiding if they are kept with some companions. A singly kept Kuhli Loach will seldom be seen. It is recommended that they be kept in small groups of at least 6 or more of its own kind.

Venomous: No
Temperament: Peaceful
Compatible with:
- Same species - conspecifics: Yes - Best kept in groups of 6 or more, if kept singly a Kuhli will seldom be seen.
- Peaceful fish : Safe
- Semi-Aggressive : Monitor
- Aggressive : Monitor
- Large Semi-Aggressive : Threat
- Large Aggressive, Predatory : Monitor
- Slow Swimmers & Eaters : Safe
- Shrimps, Crabs, Snails: Safe - not aggressive
- Plants: Safe

Sex: Sexual differences :

On mature males the first ray in the pectoral fin is branched and thickened. Adult females are typically heavier-bodied and a little larger then males. Female with eggs will also be plumper.

Breeding / Reproduction :

Although they have been bred successfully in the aquarium, not much is known about the breeding habits of the Kuhli Loach. They scatter bright green adhesive eggs underneath floating plants where the eggs then attach to the stems and roots. The eggs have been described by Herbert Axelrod as a type of bubble nest, with each egg enclosed in a bubble. They are not yet bred commercially.

Fish Diseases :

An outbreak of disease can often be limited to just one or a few fishes if you deal with it at an early stage. When keeping these sensitive types of fish, it is common to catch deteriorating water conditions and disease before other fish are affected. The best way to proactively prevent disease is to give your Kuhli Loach the proper environment and give them a well balanced diet. The closer to their natural habitat the less stress the fish will have, making them healthier and happy. A stressed fish will is more likely to acquire disease.

References

Animal-World References: Freshwater Fish and Plants
Dr. Rüdiger Riehl and Hans A. Baensch, Aquarium Atlas Vol. 1, Publisher Hans A. Baensch, 1991
Dr. R{uuml}diger Riehl and Hans A. Baensch, Aquarium Atlas Vol. 4 , Mergus Verlag (June 30, 2004)
Mark in Vancouver, Kuhli Loach (Pangio kuhlii), Loaches Online, 2009
Pangio kuhlii (Valenciennes, 1846) Coolie loach, Fishbase.org
Bratz Walker, Sharks and Loaches, T.F.H. Publications, Inc., 1974

11- Lepto Loach :

Royal Gold Banded Loach

Family: Cobitidae

The Lepto Loach is not only a very pretty loach, but it is one that is a very rare find!

The Lepto Loach Leptobotia Guilinensis is a rather small, but very attractive loach species. It has an elongated golden brown body with a very attractive design. Horizontal stripes run across the head to just behind the eyes. Along the rest of the body are dark vertical bands. The fins and tail also have dark banding. It is also known as the Royal Gold Banded Loach.

Keeping an L. Guilinensis loach can be an enriching experience. They can be kept in a community aquarium, but with more robust tank mates as they can get territorial and have been known to nip fins. Unlike many loaches these loaches are not shy. They are active and will not spend as much time hiding as other loach species. Still they will appreciate lots of hiding and resting places in caves, rocks, and roots. A substrate of sand or fine gravel along with some larger gravel or pebbles in can simulate a natural type environment.

The Lepto Loach is from cooler, temperate waters. They are not often seen for sale here. Being rare they are an exciting find for an aquarist who wants something unique and distinctive. Fish labeled as L. Guilinensis often turn out to be the Golden Zebra Loach Sinibotia pulchra or other Sinibotia species.

This loach is a rather small member of its genus, reaching only about 3 to 4 inches (8 - 10 cm) in length. In theLeptobotia genus there are 13 species. They all originate from China except one, the rare and endangeredLeptobotia curta which is from Japan. Other members can get quite large, such as the massive Royal Clown LoachLeptobotia elongata which can reach about 20 inches (50 cm) in the wild.

Aquarist Experience Level: Intermediate
Size of fish - inches: 3.9 inches (10.01 cm)
Minimum Tank Size: 20 gal (76 L)
Temperament: Peaceful
Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately hardy
Temperature: 72.0 to 77.0° F (22.2 to 25.0° C)

cientific Name: Leptobotia guilinensis
Social Grouping: Groups - Normally loose groups
IUCN Red List: LC - Least Concern

Size of fish - inches: 3.9 inches (10.01 cm)
Lifespan: - Their lifespan is currently unknown, but with proper should live at least 5 - 8 years.

Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately hardy
Aquarist Experience Level: Intermediate

Diet Type: Omnivore
Flake Food: Yes
Tablet Pellet: Occasionally
Live foods (fishes, shrimps, worms): Some of Diet
Vegetable Food: Some of Diet
Meaty Food: Most of Diet
Feeding Frequency: Several feedings per day
Minimum Tank Size: 20 gal (76 L)
Suitable for Nano Tank: Sometimes
Substrate Type: Sand/Gravel Mix
Lighting Needs: Low - subdued lighting
Temperature: 72.0 to 77.0° F (22.2 to 25.0° C)
Range ph: 6.0-7.5
Hardness Range: 5 - 20 dGH
Brackish: No
Water Movement: Moderate
Venomous: No
Temperament: Peaceful - Can intimidate smaller tank mates.
Compatible with:
- Same species - conspecifics: Yes - Best kept in groups of 4 or more.
- Peaceful fish (): Safe - As long as they are large enough to not be bothered by the Lepto's behavior.
- Semi-Aggressive (): Monitor
- Aggressive (): Threat
- Large Semi-Aggressive (): Threat
- Large Aggressive, Predatory (): Threat
- Slow Swimmers & Eaters (): Monitor
- Shrimps, Crabs, Snails: May be aggressive
- Plants: Safe

Ease of Breeding: Difficult
References
Animal-World References: Freshwater Fish and Plants
Dr. Rüdiger Riehl and Hans A. Baensch, Aquarium Atlas Vol. 1, Publisher Hans A. Baensch, 1991
Dr. Rüdiger Riehl and Hans A. Baensch, Aquarium Atlas Vol. 4 , Mergus Verlag (June 30, 2004)
Martin Thoene, Leptobotia guilinensis, Loaches Online, 2009
Leptobotia guilinensis (Chen, 1980), Fishbase.org
Leptobotia guilinensis, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Bratz Walker, Sharks and Loaches, T.F.H. Publications, Inc., 1974

12- Myer's Loach :

Giant Kuhli Loach, Myer's Slimy Loach, Albino Myer's Loach

Family: Cobitidae

The Myer's Loach is one of the most handsome of the Pangio group of Kuhli loaches!

The Myer's Loach Pangio myersi(previously Acanthophthalmus myersi) is one of the best looking kuhli loaches in the Pangio genus. Its background color is an orangish to salmon red, being paler underneath. It has 10 to 14 broad black or dark brown bands, some of which may completely encircle the body. This is a delightful little loach and a school of these active fellows will liven up any peaceful community aquarium.

The Myer's Loach is very similar to the other loaches in the Pangio genus. As a group they are often called 'kuhli' loaches. The Myer's Loach has the unique distinction of being very slimy. Because they have a slimier skin than the other loaches, one of its common names is the Myer's Slimy Loach. It is also known as the Giant Kuhli Loach and there is an albino variety as well, called the Albino Myer's Loach, which can have either red eyes or black eyes. It has been debated whether this is its own species Pangio myersi or a subspecies of the Kuhli Loach Pangio kuhlii, thus being Pangio kuhli myersi, so both designations are found.

The worm-like Myer's Loach is a great little helper in keeping the aquarium clean of foods left uneaten by other fishes. Scavenging for tidbits it wiggles in and about the ornaments and plants, getting into nooks and crannies where other fish just can't fit. Because it is nocturnal and doesn't care for bright lights, the Myer's Loach does most of its work at night.

They are hardy little fish with a peaceful disposition, making them well suited to a community aquarium. LIke many of their genus, the Giant Kuhli Loaches are loners rather than schooling fishes, but they are more comfortable if they have companions. If kept singly they will be unlikely to venture out of hiding and so will seldom be seen though they can live for several years.

Other members of the Pangio group of Kuhli loaches that are often available include the Java Loach (Black Kuhli Loach) Pangio oblonga, Indian Thorneye Pangio cuneovirgata, and Half-Banded Loach Pangio semicincta, Shelford's Thorneye (Borneo Loach) Pangio shelfordii. Some others that are not often seen are the Dwarf KuhliPangio robiginosa, Pangio borneensis, and Pangio filinaris.

Aquarist Experience Level: Intermediate
Size of fish - inches: 3.9 inches (10.01 cm)
Minimum Tank Size: 20 gal (76 L)
Temperament: Peaceful
Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately hardy
Temperature: 78.0 to 82.0° F (25.6 to 27.8° C)
Scientific Name: Pangio myersi
Social Grouping: Groups - Not actually schooling fish but are usually found in clusters of their own kind.
IUCN Red List: LC - Least Concern
Size of fish - inches: 3.9 inches (10.01 cm) - These fish can get up to almost 4 inches (10 cm).
Lifespan: 5 years - This fish matures at between 8 - 12 months and has a lifespan of about 4 - 5 years, though possibly much longer.
Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately hardy
Aquarist Experience Level: Intermediate
Diet Type: Omnivore
Flake Food: Yes
Tablet Pellet: Occasionally
Live foods (fishes, shrimps, worms): Some of Diet
Vegetable Food: Some of Diet
Meaty Food: Most of Diet
Feeding Frequency: Several feedings per day

Water Changes: Weekly - Water changes of about 30% weekly.

Minimum Tank Size: 20 gal (76 L)
Suitable for Nano Tank: Yes
Substrate Type: Sand/Gravel Mix - Substrate needs to be soft, so use fine gravel or sand.
Lighting Needs: Low - subdued lighting
Temperature: 78.0 to 82.0° F (25.6 to 27.8° C)
Range ph: 6.5-7.2
Hardness Range: 5 - 12 dGH
Brackish: No
Water Movement: Weak

Venomous: No
Temperament: Peaceful
Water Region: Bottom - These fish are mostly bottom dwellers but may swim in all areas of the tank at night.
Compatible with:
- Same species - conspecifics: Yes - Best kept in groups of 5 or more, if kept singly it will seldom be seen.
- Peaceful fish (): Safe
- Semi-Aggressive (): Monitor
- Aggressive (): Threat
- Large Semi-Aggressive (): Threat
- Large Aggressive, Predatory (): Threat
- Slow Swimmers & Eaters (): Safe
- Shrimps, Crabs, Snails: Safe - not aggressive
- Plants: Safe

Venomous: No
Temperament: Peaceful
Compatible with:
- Same species - conspecifics: Yes - Best kept in groups of 5 or more, if kept singly it will seldom be seen.
- Peaceful fish (): Safe
- Semi-Aggressive (): Monitor
- Aggressive (): Threat
- Large Semi-Aggressive (): Threat
- Large Aggressive, Predatory (): Threat
- Slow Swimmers & Eaters (): Safe
- Shrimps, Crabs, Snails: Safe - not aggressive
- Plants: Safe
Ease of Breeding: Difficult
References
Animal-World References: Freshwater Fish and Plants
Dr. Rüdiger Riehl and Hans A. Baensch, Aquarium Atlas Vol. 1, Publisher Hans A. Baensch, 1991
Mark in Vancouver, Pangio myersi, Loaches Online, 2009
Pangio myersi (Harry, 1949), Fishbase.org
Pangio myersi, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Bratz Walker, Sharks and Loaches, T.F.H. Publications, Inc., 1974

Panjio Kuhlii

Panjio Myersi

Panjio scmicincta

Panjio shelfordi

Panjio Cuneovirgatus

13- Peppered Loach ( Click here for more information ):

Peppered Dojo Loach, Guntea loach, Scavenger Loach

Family: Cobitidae

The Peppered Loach is one of those cute but shy burrowing loaches, that will quickly disappear!

The Peppered Loach Lepidocephalichthys guntea is absolutely a wonderful looking fish. This is a moderately sized loach that can grow to between 4 to 6 inches (10 - 15 cm) in the wild, but will usually stay smaller in the aquarium. Its form is long and cylindrical, almost eel-like. Being quite timid, if it is frightened it will disappear quite quickly, wiggling into the substrate.

This loach has a rather grayish or yellowish body color with a paler belly. There is a light horizontal stripe running the length of the body with various sized blotches and specks above and below it. There are also as numerous dark specks on the dorsal and tail fin. All this splotching and speckling gives rise to a rather "peppered" looking fish, as its common name implies. Other common names it is known by are Guntea loach, derived from its scientific description, Peppered Dojo Loach, reflecting its similar shape and behaviors to those of the popular Dojo Loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, and Scavenger Loach.

Being quite shy, it likes to burrow into the substrate to hide. It will use the first spine on its dorsal fin to help dig itself in. It truly is a Scavenger Loach, as it also likes to root out various worms and other foods it can find buried. It will quite literally take mouthfuls of the substrate and filter them through its gills for food morsels.

Provide a soft substrate of sand or fine gravel and have a good filter for the detritus they stir up. They are equipped to deal with adverse conditions however. These are one of the many Cobitidae species that have a unique intestine that can act as a respiratory organ. They can dart to the surface to gulp air. This is indicative of their coping ability during dry periods in their natural habitat. The water can become sluggish or stagnant, often taken over by macrophytic algae blooms that result in depleted oxygen. So rather than using their gills, they will gulp surface air to breathe.

The Peppered Loach is hardy and not difficult to keep as long as they have the right environment. They are most active at night and will retreat during the day, squeezing under the ornamentation. Wood and flat river type rocks work well. Plants are nice but be sure they are potted. This loach is peaceful with most tank mates, and is suitable to keep in a community environment with other peaceful fish.

Aquarist Experience Level: Intermediate
Size of fish - inches: 5.9 inches (15.01 cm)
Minimum Tank Size: 20 gal (76 L)
Temperament: Peaceful
Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately hardy
Temperature: 75.0 to 80.0° F (23.9 to 26.7° C)

Scientific Name: Lepidocephalichthys guntea
Social Grouping: Pairs
IUCN Red List: LC - Least Concern

Size of fish - inches: 5.9 inches (15.01 cm) - These fish are can reach up to about 6" (15 cm) in the wild, but are normally about 4 inches (10 cm) in the aquarium.
Lifespan: 10 years

Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately hardy

Diet Type: Omnivore
Flake Food: Yes
Tablet Pellet: Yes - As long as it sinks.
Live foods (fishes, shrimps, worms): Some of Diet
Vegetable Food: Some of Diet
Meaty Food: Most of Diet

Water Changes: Weekly - Water changes of about 30% weekly.
Minimum Tank Size: 20 gal (76 L)
Suitable for Nano Tank: Sometimes
Substrate Type: Sand/Gravel Mix
Lighting Needs: Low - subdued lighting
Temperature: 75.0 to 80.0° F (23.9 to 26.7° C)
Range ph: 6.5-7.5
Hardness Range: 5 - 12 dGH
Brackish: No
Water Movement: Weak
Water Region: Bottom - These fish are mostly bottom dwellers.
Venomous: No
Temperament: Peaceful
Compatible with:
- Same species - conspecifics: Yes - Best kept in groups of 4 or more.
- Peaceful fish (): Safe
- Semi-Aggressive (): Monitor
- Aggressive (): Threat
- Large Semi-Aggressive (): Threat
- Large Aggressive, Predatory (): Threat
- Slow Swimmers & Eaters (): Safe
- Shrimps, Crabs, Snails: Safe - not aggressive
- Plants: Safe

Ease of Breeding: Unknown

References
Animal-World References: Freshwater Fish and Plants
Dr. Rüdiger Riehl and Hans A. Baensch, Aquarium Atlas Vol. 1, Publisher Hans A. Baensch, 1991
Dr. Rüdiger Riehl and Hans A. Baensch, Aquarium Atlas Vol. 4 , Mergus Verlag (June 30, 2004)
Lepidocephalichthys guntea, Seriously Fish, 2011
Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Hamilton, 1822) Guntea loach, Fishbase.org
Lepidocephalichthys guntea, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Bratz Walker, Sharks and Loaches, T.F.H. Publications, Inc., 1974

14 - Polka Dot Loach ( Click here for more information ) :

Burmese Border Loach, Marble Loach, Cloud Botia

Family: Cobitidae

The Burmese Border Loach is a more recent "polka dot" beauty that's curious and friendly with its aquarium keeper!

The Polka Dot Loach Botia kubotaiis a more recent arrival to the hobby. They were first collected in 2002 during an expedition to the Three Pagodas Pass area in Myanmar (Burma) in an effort to find new aquarium fish. Though commonly known as the Polka Dot Loach or Burmese Border Loach, this gorgeous fish has captured the imagination of aquarists everywhere. With its distinctive color and patterning it has earned a variety of descriptive names such as Marble Loach, Cloud Botia, Polka Dot Botia, Botia "Angelicus", and Angelicus Loach.

The Polka Dot Loach will obtain their most beautiful color and patterning as adults, which is dramatically different then when they are juveniles. Their patterning is made up of yellow spotted horizontal black stripes that are interspersed with yellow spotted vertical bars. They have dramatic color changes as they get older with no two fish having exactly the same pattern. The black bars and stripes widen and there is lots of variation in the size and number of spots.

These are medium sized loaches that have fast become popular aquarium fish. Once Burmese Border Loaches are secure in their environment they can become quite tame. They can easily learn to be hand-fed which is another wonderful trait that makes them an enjoyable addition to the aquarium. Although a good community fish with similar sized tank mates, they do have a bit of an attitude and may snack on fish under 3/4" long, as well as snails. They enjoy the company of their own species and are best kept in a group of about four, smaller groups will take longer to acclimate.

They are from the normally slow flowing sections of streams and tributary rivers. Good water movement along with hiding and resting places among rocks and driftwood will be appreciated. They are not as hardy as many fish and need good water conditions.

Aquarist Experience Level: Intermediate
Size of fish - inches: 4.7 inches (11.99 cm)
Minimum Tank Size: 30 gal (114 L)
Temperament: Peaceful
Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately hardy
Temperature: 75.0 to 82.0° F (23.9 to 27.8° C)

Scientific Name: Botia kubotai
Social Grouping: Groups
IUCN Red List: DD - Data Deficient

Size of fish - inches: 4.7 inches (11.99 cm) - This fish only reaches about only 3.35 inches (8.5 cm) in the wild, but can reach up to about 4 or 5 inches (10 - 12 cm) in the aquarium.

Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately hardy
Aquarist Experience Level: Intermediate
Diet Type: Omnivore
Flake Food: Yes
Tablet Pellet: Yes
Live foods (fishes, shrimps, worms): Some of Diet
Vegetable Food: Some of Diet
Meaty Food: Most of Diet
Feeding Frequency: Several feedings per day
Water Changes: Weekly - Water changes of about 30% weekly.
Minimum Tank Size: 30 gal (114 L)
Suitable for Nano Tank: No
Substrate Type: Sand
Lighting Needs: Low - subdued lighting
Temperature: 75.0 to 82.0° F (23.9 to 27.8° C)
Range ph: 6.8-7.3
Hardness Range: 2 - 9 dGH
Brackish: No
Water Movement: Moderate
Water Region: Bottom - These fish are mostly bottom dwellers, but will also swim in the middle of the aquarium.
Venomous: No
Temperament: Peaceful
Compatible with:
-Same species - conspecifics: Yes - Best kept in groups of 4 or more.
-Peaceful fish (): Safe

-Semi-Aggressive (): Monitor

-Aggressive (): Threat

-Large Semi-Aggressive (): Threat

-Large Aggressive, Predatory (): Threat

-Slow Swimmers & Eaters (): Monitor - This loach will nip long-finned, slow swimmers.

-Shrimps, Crabs, Snails: May be aggressive - Will eat snails.

-Plants: Safe

Ease of Breeding: Unknown

References

-Animal-World References: Freshwater Fish and Plants

-Dr. Rüdiger Riehl and Hans A. Baensch, Aquarium Atlas Vol. 1, Publisher Hans A. Baensch, 1991

-Martin Thoene, Botia kubotai, Loaches Online, 2009

-Botia kubotai Kottelat, 2004, Fishbase.org

-Botia kubotai, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

-Bratz Walker, Sharks and Loaches, T.F.H. Publications, Inc., 1974

15- Redtail Botia, ( Click Here formore information ) :

Blue Botia, Orange-Finned Loach, Redtail Loach

Family: Cobitidae

The Redtail Botia is an attractive and popular loach, a favorite species for many aquarists!

The Redtail Botia Yasuhikotakia modesta is a very common freshwater loach and is quite attractive with a very distinct body shape and coloration. It has a compact heavy body build, but can get quite large. It can reach up to at least 10 inches (25 cm) in length in the wild, though in the aquarium they are a bit smaller, getting up to about 7 - 8 inches (17-20 cm).

The natural coloring of this loach is most attractive and quite variable. It ranges from blues to grays and sometime tints of green with fins and a tail that can be yellow, red, or orange. As juveniles they can have more intense green accenting as well as some dark stripes. With this variable coloration its not surprising that the Redtail Botia has a number of descriptive common names. It is also known as the Blue Botia, Orange-Finned Loach, Blue Loach, and other variations of these.

This pretty loach can retain its beauty with regular water changes and by including brine shrimp or other crustaceans in its diet. There are also dyed varieties that will occasionally be offered that are called Painted Botias or Colored Redtail Botias. They can be pink, green, yellow, orange, purple, or teal in coloring. These colorized fish are not recommended as they are said to have health problems and often early deaths.

These fish have a unique personality being lively yet somewhat shy, and they can be a bit aggressive. If they are kept in a school however, they make a good community fish with larger more robust tank mates. Keep them with at least four of their own species or they can get aggressive towards other fish even while demonstrating shy behaviors (hiding). Suitable tank mates include large gouramis, barbs, semi-aggressive cichlids and most other loach species. They can be aggressive with smaller fish and will nip at long-finned fish, such as angelfish. They can be quite territorial bottom dwellers as well, so it is best to avoid competing fish such as Corydoras and catfish.

The Redtail Botia or Orange-Finned Loach is a long lived, durable, and undemanding fish. Provide lots of hiding and resting places in caves, rocks, and roots. A refuge for each fish is important. They thrive in a well planted tank but are avid burrowers in their pursuit for food, and will often uproot them. They will munch on snails and are good for snail control. This is one of the loaches that has the unique intestine that can act as a respiratory organ allowing them to absorb oxygen at the surface directly from the atmosphere. Be sure the aquarium is covered as they are great jumpers. They also make audible clicking sounds.

Aquarist Experience Level: Intermediate
Size of fish - inches: 9.8 inches (24.99 cm)
Minimum Tank Size: 55 gal (208 L)
Temperament: Semi-aggressive
Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately hardy
Temperature: 77.0 to 84.0° F (25.0 to 28.9° C)
Scientific Name: Yasuhikotakia modesta
Social Grouping: Groups

Scientific Name: Yasuhikotakia modesta
Social Grouping: Groups
IUCN Red List: LC - Least Concern
Size of fish - inches: 9.8 inches (24.99 cm) - These fish reach up to about 7 - 8" (17.8 - 20 cm) in the aquarium though In the wild these fish can reach almost 10" (25 cm).

Size of fish - inches: 9.8 inches (24.99 cm) - These fish reach up to about 7 - 8" (17.8 - 20 cm) in the aquarium though In the wild these fish can reach almost 10" (25 cm).
Lifespan: 12 years - This fish can have a lifespan of about 5 - 12 years.
Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately hardy

Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately hardy
Aquarist Experience Level: Intermediate
Diet Type: Omnivore
Flake Food: Yes
Tablet Pellet: Yes
Live foods (fishes, shrimps, worms): Some of Diet
Vegetable Food: Some of Diet
Meaty Food: Most of Diet

Diet Type: Omnivore
Flake Food: Yes
Tablet Pellet: Yes
Live foods (fishes, shrimps, worms): Some of Diet
Vegetable Food: Some of Diet
Meaty Food: Most of Diet
Feeding Frequency: Several feedings per day
Water Changes: Weekly - Water changes of about 30% weekly.

Minimum Tank Size: 55 gal (208 L) - Juveniles will be fine in a 45 - 55 gallon tank, but adults will need up to 75 gallons.
Suitable for Nano Tank: No
Substrate Type: Sand/Gravel Mix
Lighting Needs: Low - subdued lighting
Temperature: 77.0 to 84.0° F (25.0 to 28.9° C)
Range ph: 6.5-8.0
Hardness Range: 2 - 15 dGH
Brackish: No
Water Movement: Moderate
Water Region: Bottom - These fish are mostly bottom dwellers, but will occasionally swim in the middle of the aquarium.
Venomous: No
Temperament: Semi-aggressive
Compatible with:
- Same species - conspecifics: Yes - Best kept in groups of 4 or more.
- Peaceful fish (): Threat
- Semi-Aggressive (): Safe - Mostly safe, but they can be aggressive to other bottom dwelling fish. Aggressive (): Threat
- Aggressive (): Threat
- Large Semi-Aggressive (): Monitor
- Large Aggressive, Predatory (): Monitor
- Slow Swimmers & Eaters (): Monitor - May nip at long-finned slow swimming fish.
- Shrimps, Crabs, Snails: May be aggressive - They will eat snails, so are good for snail control.
- Plants: Safe
Ease of Breeding: Unknown - Have not been bred commercially.
References
Animal-World References: Freshwater Fish and Plants
Dr. Rüdiger Riehl and Hans A. Baensch, Aquarium Atlas Vol. 1, Publisher Hans A. Baensch, 1991
Martin Thoene, Blue Botia (Yasuhikotakia modesta), Loaches Online, 2009
Yasuhikotakia modesta (Bleeker, 1864) Redtail botia, Fishbase.org
Yasuhikotakia modesta, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Bratz Walker, Sharks and Loaches, T.F.H. Publications, Inc., 1974

16- Royal Clown Loach ( Click here for More Information )

Imperial Flower Loach, Elongate Loach, Queen Loach

Family: Cobitidae

The Royal Clown Loach is behemoth in size, regal in appearance... and royal in price!

The massive Royal Clown LoachLeptobotia elongata is a very beautiful, behemoth sized loach from China. As it reaches adulthood a beautiful color pattern of yellow and black rosettes will evolve. It is usually imported at between 7 to 12 inches (18 - 30 cm) in length. Yet in its natural habitat it can reach over 30 inches (76.2 cm) long. It is not often available, but when it is, it commands a hefty price.

This loach is quite attractive with a light golden to grayish brown body with a head that is darker and a more grayish blue and golden on the sides. There are irregular dark markings on the body, fins, and and tail fin that are a mix of vertical stripes, bands, or just blotches. These develop into beautiful rosettes on mature specimens.

The contrast between the golden background and the strong dark markings along with its large size give it a very regal appearance. L. elongata is called the Imperial Flower Loach in China. Other common names it is known by, that also speak to its appearance, include the Elongate Loach, Queen Loach, Giant Loach, and King Loach.

In the Leptobotia genus there are 13 species. They all originate from China except one, the rare and endangeredLeptobotia curta which is from Japan. This Elongate Loach is quite massive, while others in the Leptobotia genus can be much smaller. There is a huge contrast between this fish and it close relative the Lepto Loach or Royal Gold Banded Loach Leptobotia Guilinensis being on the small side at just 3 to 4 inches ( 8 - 10 cm).

his giant sized loach is fascinating to keep. Both the size and coloring of the Imperial Flower Loach make it an interesting addition to those with a very large aquarium. Its mode of swimming is also fascinating. It has a side to side motion similar to that of an eel. The Royal Clown Loach is actually a very shy nocturnal fish and will tend to be active only at night or when eating. They will appreciate plenty of hiding and resting places in rocks and roots.

They are piscivores with small fish being part of their natural diet, but the Royal Clown Loach is not an aggressive fish. They can be be kept with other large non-aggressive tank mates as well as others of their own species. They are actually very social with their own kind and should be kept in groups of at least three individuals. Just keep in mind that if any tank mate can fit in their mouth, it will become lunch.

Aquarist Experience Level: Intermediate
Size of fish - inches: 30.0 inches (76.20 cm)
Minimum Tank Size: 100 gal (379 L)
Temperament: Semi-aggressive
Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately hardy
Temperature: 72.0 to 82.0° F (22.2 to 27.8° C)
Scientific Name: Leptobotia elongata
Social Grouping: Groups
IUCN Red List: NE - Not Evaluated or not listed
Size of fish - inches: 30.0 inches (76.20 cm) - These fish are generally seen at about 7 - 12" (18 - 30 cm) when first imported, but in the wild these fish can get up to a whopping 30" (76.2 cm).
Lifespan: 20 years
Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately hardy
Aquarist Experience Level: Intermediate
Diet Type: Omnivore
Flake Food: Yes
Tablet Pellet: Yes
Live foods (fishes, shrimps, worms): Some of Diet
Vegetable Food: Some of Diet
Meaty Food: Most of Diet
Feeding Frequency: Several feedings per day - Less as the fish grows.
Water Changes: Weekly - 30-50% maybe more if feeding live food often.
Minimum Tank Size: 100 gal (379 L) - The aquarium can be smaller for juveniles but keep in mind they will grow large.
Suitable for Nano Tank: No
Substrate Type: Sand/Gravel Mix
Lighting Needs: Low - subdued lighting
Temperature: 72.0 to 82.0° F (22.2 to 27.8° C)
Range ph: 6.8-7.2
Hardness Range: 5 - 15 dGH
Brackish: No
Water Movement: Moderate
Water Region: Bottom - These fish are mostly bottom dwellers.

Venomous: No
Temperament: Semi-aggressive - They are not aggressive, but are piscivores with small fish being part of their natural diet.
Compatible with:
- Same species - conspecifics: Yes - Do best kept in groups of 3 or more.
- Peaceful fish (): Monitor - Will see any fish small enough to fit in its mouth as food.
- Semi-Aggressive (): Monitor
- Aggressive (): Threat
- Large Semi-Aggressive (): Monitor
- Large Aggressive, Predatory (): Threat
- Slow Swimmers & Eaters (): Monitor
- Shrimps, Crabs, Snails: Threat - is aggressive
- Plants: Threat - Will uproot plants
Ease of Breeding: Difficult
References
Animal-World References: Freshwater Fish and Plants
Dr. Rüdiger Riehl and Hans A. Baensch, Aquarium Atlas Vol. 1, Publisher Hans A. Baensch, 1991
Dr. R{uuml}diger Riehl and Hans A. Baensch, Aquarium Atlas Vol. 4 , Mergus Verlag, 2004
Wesley Wong, Stan Sung, The Imperial Flower Loach, Tropical Fish Magazine, May 2010
Martin Thoene, Leptobotia elongata, Loaches Online, 2009
Leptobotia elongata (Bleeker, 1870), Fishbase.org
Bratz Walker, Sharks and Loaches, T.F.H. Publications, Inc., 1974

17- Silver Loach : ( Click Here for more information )

LeConte's Loach, Yellow-finned Loach, Red-Finned Loach

Family: Cobitidae

The Silver Loach is a lively shoaling fish, yet peaceful with its tank mates in a community tank!

The Silver Loach Yasuhikotakia lecontei is an attractive Botia that can have a multitude of color variations. Its body color can range from a brownish yellow to a blue, or a light blue/green. Its fins and tail can vary too, with some having pale yellow fins to others that are an orangish red.

The appearance of the The Silver Loach is described by almost all of its common names. These include Yellow-finned Loach, Red-Finned Loach, Gold Fin Loach, Red-tailed Blue Loach, Red tailed loach, and sometimes other variations of these. The only non-color related common name is LeConte's Loach, which is derived from its scientific description.

The Silver Loach is often times mistaken for its close relative the Redtail Botia Yasuhikotakia modesta because they are very similar in body shape and coloration. However the Silver Loach is a little slimmer, so not as heavily built, and it also doesn't get quite as large. This loach will reach up to about 6 inches (15 cm) in the aquarium rather than the 7 to 8 inches of the Y. modesta. But perhaps the most distinguishing feature that defines the Silver Loach is the dark spot at the base of the tail when it is an adult. The Redtail Botia differs by having a dark vertical (and often indistinct) stripe, but never a spot.

The common name Red-finned Loach, though actually ascribed to this species, has often been used for the Redtail Botia as well. These two fish are so often mixed up that this common name is now seldom being used for either of them.

The Silver Loaches are known to be a bit shyer than many other Yasuhikotakia species. Like their relatives they too are nocturnal fish, meaning they are active in the evening and during the night. However they are peaceful and suitable to keep in a community environment with other peaceful fish. Because they are rather shy, they will acclimate to the aquarium best if they have the company of their own species. It is recommended they be kept in a group of five to eight, with three being the minimum. They do have a social hierarchy, with a dominant fish leading the pack. They may squabble among themselves, but will less so than other Botias.

The Silver Loach is a durable fish but it does need pristine water. It does best in soft, acidic and slightly warmer water and must have frequent water changes. The substrate needs to be a fine gravel or sand that does not have sharp edges. Provide lots of hiding and resting places in caves, rocks, and roots. They like a well planted tank but they are diggers and may uproot them.

Aquarist Experience Level: Intermediate
Size of fish - inches: 9.8 inches (24.99 cm)
Minimum Tank Size: 55 gal (208 L)
Temperament: Peaceful
Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately hardy
Temperature: 75.0 to 82.0° F (23.9 to 27.8° C)
Scientific Name: Yasuhikotakia lecontei
Social Grouping: Groups
Scientific Name: Yasuhikotakia lecontei
Social Grouping: Groups
IUCN Red List: LC - Least Concern
Size of fish - inches: 9.8 inches (24.99 cm) - These fish reach up to about 6-7" (15-18 cm) in the aquarium. In the wild these fish can get up to 10" (25 cm).
Lifespan: 12 years - This fish can have a lifespan of about 6 - 12 years.
Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately hardy
Aquarist Experience Level: Intermediate
Diet Type: Omnivore
Flake Food: Yes
Tablet / Pellet: Yes
Live foods (fishes, shrimps, worms): Some of Diet
Vegetable Food: Some of Diet
Meaty Food: Most of Diet
Feeding Frequency: Several feedings per day
Water Changes: Weekly - Water changes of about 30% weekly.
Minimum Tank Size: 55 gal (208 L) - Juveniles will be fine in a 45 - 55 gallon tank, but adults will need up to 75 gallons.
Suitable for Nano Tank: No
Substrate Type: Sand/Gravel Mix
Lighting Needs: Low - subdued lighting
Temperature: 75.0 to 82.0° F (23.9 to 27.8° C)
Range ph: 6.0-6.5
Hardness Range: 3 - 8 dGH
Brackish: No
Water Movement: Moderate
Water Region: Bottom - These fish are mostly bottom dwellers, but will occasionally swim in the middle of the aquarium.
Venomous: No
Temperament: Peaceful
Compatible with:
- Same species - conspecifics: Yes - Best kept in groups of 5 or more, with a minimum of 3..
- Peaceful fish (): Safe
- Semi-Aggressive (): Monitor
- Aggressive (): Threat
- Large Semi-Aggressive (): Threat
- Large Aggressive, Predatory (): Threat
- Slow Swimmers & Eaters (): Monitor - May nip at long-finned slow swimming fish.
- Shrimps, Crabs, Snails: May be aggressive
- Plants: Monitor - They may feed on soft leaf aquatic plants.

Ease of Breeding: Unknown - Have not been breed commercially.
References
Animal-World References: Freshwater Fish and Plants
Dr. Rüdiger Riehl and Hans A. Baensch, Aquarium Atlas Vol. 1, Publisher Hans A. Baensch, 1991
Dr. Rüdiger Riehl and Hans A. Baensch, Aquarium Atlas Vol. 2, Publisher Hans A. Baensch, 1993
Martin Thoene, Yasuhikotakia lecontei, Loaches Online, 2009
Yasuhikotakia lecontei (Fowler, 1937) Silver loach, Fishbase.org
Yasuhikotakia lecontei, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Bratz Walker, Sharks and Loaches, T.F.H. Publications, Inc., 1974

18- Skunk Loach ( Click here for more information ) :

Hora's Loach, Skunk Botia Loach, Cream Loach

Family: Cobitidae

Yasuhikotakia morleti

The Skunk Loach is a handsome little loach, often not reaching more than a couple of inches, but it can be feisty!

The Skunk Loach Yasuhikotakia morleti is one of the smaller of the Botias. It is quite pretty and easily distinguished from all others. It is also known as Hora's Loach, Skunk Botia Loach, Mouse Loach, and Cream Loach,. But this fish it is most aptly called Skunk Loach because it is easily recognized by its adult coloration and pattern.

As an adult this loach is a uniformly creamy tan to light brown color. Its distinctive feature is the dark stripe running across its back from the tip of its nose to its tail fin. There is also a dark broad band encircling the base of the tail. The tail fin is forked and yellowish in color and can have some pretty rows of brown dots. Juveniles typically have dark vertical striping on the sides, but this fades as they mature.

The Skunk Botia Loach is a long lived and durable fish. These are hardy, yet smaller sized loaches. They are naturally nocturnal, but once they've become acclimated they will spend a good deal of time out and about during the day. They enjoy a planted tank with open areas to swim and places to hide or retreat among rocks or wood. They will also munch on snails so are good for snail control.

The Skunk Loach spends the day hiding but it will get quite active at dusk. It is a lively fish, and though generally quite peaceful it can get aggressive towards members of its own species, especially if there are not enough hiding places. They can be kept well with other tank mates but it is best to have just one of this species, especially in a smaller aquarium. In a tank with lots of space and decor that offers each fish its own retreat, they can be kept in large groups. But there will need to be at least 6 or more to keep aggression down. Especially suitable are barbs and armored catfish. The Skunk Loach is a very long lived, durable, and undemanding little fish.

-Aquarist Experience Level: Intermediate

-Size of fish - inches: 3.9 inches (10.01 cm)

-Minimum Tank Size: 30 gal (114 L)

-Temperament: Peaceful

-Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately hardy

-Temperature: 73.0 to 82.0° F (22.8 to 27.8° C)

Scientific Name: Yasuhikotakia morleti
Social Grouping: Groups
IUCN Red List: LC - Least Concern

Size of fish - inches: 3.9 inches (10.01 cm) - These fish are can reach almost 4 inches (10 cm) in the wild, but are usually smaller in home aquariums.
Lifespan: 8 years - This fish can have a lifespan of about 5 - 8 years.
Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately hardy
Aquarist Experience Level: Intermediate
Diet Type: Omnivore
Flake Food: No - Flake food is not suggested as a regular food for this loach.
Tablet / Pellet: Yes
Live foods (fishes, shrimps, worms): Some of Diet
Vegetable Food: Some of Diet
Meaty Food: Most of Diet
Feeding Frequency: Several feedings per day

Water Changes: Weekly - Water changes of about 30% weekly.
Minimum Tank Size: 30 gal (114 L)
Suitable for Nano Tank: Sometimes
Substrate Type: Sand/Gravel Mix
Lighting Needs: Low - subdued lighting
Temperature: 73.0 to 82.0° F (22.8 to 27.8° C)
Range ph: 6.0-6.5
Hardness Range: 2 - 12 dGH
Brackish: No
Water Movement: Moderate
Water Region: Bottom - These fish are mostly bottom dwellers, but will also swim in the middle of the aquarium.
Venomous: No
Temperament: Peaceful
Compatible with:
- Same species - conspecifics: Sometimes - Best kept singly in a small tank, and in groups of 6 or more in larger aquariums.
- Peaceful fish (): Safe
- Semi-Aggressive (): Monitor
- Aggressive (): Threat
- Large Semi-Aggressive (): Threat
- Large Aggressive, Predatory (): Threat
- Slow Swimmers & Eaters (): Monitor
- Shrimps, Crabs, Snails: May be aggressive - They will eat snails, so are good for snail control.
Plants: Monitor - They may feed on soft leaf aquatic plants.
Ease of Breeding: Unknown

References
Animal-World References: Freshwater Fish and Plants
Dr. Rüdiger Riehl and Hans A. Baensch, Aquarium Atlas Vol. 1, Publisher Hans A. Baensch, 1991
Martin Thoene, Skunk Loach (Yasuhikotakia morleti), Loaches Online, 2009
Yasuhikotakia morleti (Tirant, 1885) Skunk botia, Fishbase.org
Yasuhikotakia morleti, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Bratz Walker, Sharks and Loaches, T.F.H. Publications, Inc., 1974

19- YoYo Loach ( Click here for more information ) :

Pakistani Loach, Almora Loach

Family: Cobitidae

The gorgeous Pakistani Loach is known to be a very playful fish, and a great scavenger as well!

The Yoyo Loach Botia almorhae is a very pretty fish. It is basically a silver color with dark vertical bands. Healthy Yoyo loach specimens will also display a beautiful prismatic light blue that blends from the edges of the dark bands into the silver body color. This may be an indication that they are in breeding condition, but has not been established for certain.

The Yoyo Loach is a Botia that comes from India and Pakistan. The specimens that come from Pakistan are darker than the lighter colored fish from India. It is thought that the fish from India may be a subspecies or entirely different species. Variations depending on local populations are common.

This gorgeous fish is suitably named the Pakistani Loach because of its origins, and the name Almora Loach is derived from its scientifically description. But the coining of the name "YoYo Loach" has an interesting story. Ken Childs, the photographer of the photo above, worked in the aquarium fish import business for over 20 years. One day when a shipment of these loaches arrived, he remarked that these fish were bouncing all over the place just like yo-yo's. They also had an easily recognized patterning that tends to look like a "Y-O-Y-O" too. They quickly became dubbed the YoYo Loach, and it then became its common name in the industry.

These fish are generally quite peaceful and though the The Yoyo Loach may tussle with members of their own species, they don't really harm one another. They do well in a community aquarium with other less aggressive species, but they can hold their own with mildly aggressive tank mates. Though most of the loaches are nocturnal, the Yoyo loach, once acclimated and comfortable with its surroundings, will come out during daylight hours and scavenge for food in rocks and crevices.

-Aquarist Experience Level: Intermediate

-Size of fish - inches: 6.1 inches (15.49 cm)

-Minimum Tank Size: 20 gal (76 L)

-Temperament: Peaceful

-Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately hardy

-Temperature: 75.0 to 86.0° F (23.9 to 30.0° C)

Habitat: Distribution / Background :

The Yoyo Loach Botia almorhae was described by Narayan Rao in 1920. It is found in India and Pakistan. This species is listed on the IUCN Red List as Least Concern (LC) because it has a widespread range and is quite hardy. There are some potential threats to the habitat from deforestation and they are fished for the ornamental trade, but any negative impacts are undetermined at present. Other common names they are known by are Pakistani Loach, Almora Loach, Reticulated loach, Pakistan Loach, Yo Yo Loach, and Y-Loach.

In nature it prefers still and slow running waters. This loach is considered a riverine species that It prefers still and slow running waters. It usually congregates in pools and still areas with rocky substrates. These loaches spawn upstream prior to breeding. These loaches tend to be mostly carnivorous but will eat aquatic vegetation if available.

Scientific Name: Botia almorhae
Social Grouping: Groups
IUCN Red List: LC - Least Concern

Description:

The Yoyo Loach can get fairly good sized, reaching up to 6 inches (15.5 cm). Their life span is generally about 5 - 8 years, though they been reported to live up to 16 years.

This is a very pretty fish. It is basically a silver color with dark vertical bands. Healthy Yoyo loach specimens will also display a beautiful prismatic light blue that blends from the edges of the dark bands into the silver body color. It's body pattern seems to spell out the word Yoyo. This may be an indication that they are in breeding condition, but has not been established for certain.

Size of fish - inches: 6.1 inches (15.49 cm)
Lifespan: 8 years - This fish generally has a lifespan of about 5 - 8 years, but have also been reported to live up to 16 years.

Fish Keeping Difficulty:

Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately hardy
Aquarist Experience Level: Intermediate

Foods and Feeding:

Diet Type: Omnivore - Mainly carnivorous in nature.
Flake Food: Yes
Tablet / Pellet: Yes
Live foods (fishes, shrimps, worms): Most of Diet
Vegetable Food: Some of Diet
Meaty Food: Most of Diet
Feeding Frequency: Several feedings per day

Aquarium Care:

The most important thing for these loaches is that they always have clean and well-oxygenated water. Frequent water changes of about 30% a week are needed for the Bengal Loach. With your weekly water change make sure to vacuum the gravel to remove all excess food and waste. Make sure not to remove the bio film on rocks and decor. A magnet algae cleaner normally does a great job in keeping the viewing pane clear.

Water Changes: Weekly - Water changes of about 30% weekly.

Aquarium Setup :

The Yoyo Loach will swim mostly on the bottom of the aquarium, but will also swim in the middle of the aquarium. This fish does fine in a medium sized aquarium (20 gallons or so). Never introduce this loach into a biological immature setup as these fish require pristine water. They do best in soft, slightly acidic water with subdued lighting. They also need good water movement that provides plenty of oxygenation. The tank water should turnover at least 10-15 times per hour. An undergravel filter is a great choice for these fish as it creates high oxygen through out the tank as well as reducing the waste. Adding a canister filter or power head to the setup will make the proper current for this loach.

It is recommended to have a tank set-up that resembles its natural habitat with plants, open areas to swim, and places for retreat. Because they are burrowers, the substrate needs to be a fine smooth gravel or sand that does not have sharp edges. The tank needs to have ample hiding places for this shy fish such as rocks, caves, and roots. These loaches are very inquisitive and like to explore so make sure to have a lot of caves and crevices. These fish can and will jump out of the tank if given the chance so make sure to have a tight fitting cover.

Minimum Tank Size: 20 gal (76 L)
Suitable for Nano Tank: Sometimes
Substrate Type: Sand/Gravel Mix
Lighting Needs: Low - subdued lighting
Temperature: 75.0 to 86.0° F (23.9 to 30.0° C)
Range ph: 6.5-7.5
Hardness Range: 3 - 10 dGH
Brackish: No
Water Movement: Weak
Water Region: Bottom - These fish are mostly bottom dwellers, but will occasionally swim in the middle or upper parts of the aquarium and will come to the surface when food is offered.

Venomous: No
Temperament: Peaceful - They are peace but a bit boisterous.
Compatible with:
- Same species - conspecifics: Yes - Best kept in groups of 6 or more, but they will tussle for dominance.
- Peaceful fish (): Safe - May stress smaller fish.
- Semi-Aggressive (): Safe
- Aggressive (): Threat
- Large Semi-Aggressive (): Threat
- Large Aggressive, Predatory (): Threat
- Slow Swimmers & Eaters (): Monitor
- Shrimps, Crabs, Snails: May be aggressive
- Shrimps, Crabs, Snails: May be aggressive
- Plants: Monitor - Make sure all plants are securely anchored.

Ease of Breeding: Unknown

Fish Diseases :

An outbreak of disease can often be limited to just one or a few fishes if you deal with it at an early stage. When keeping these sensitive types of fish, it is common to catch deteriorating water conditions and disease before other fish are affected. The best way to proactively prevent disease is to give your Yoyo Loach the proper environment and give them a well balanced diet. The closer to their natural habitat the less stress the fish will have, making them healthier and happy. A stressed fish will is more likely to acquire disease.

References

Animal-World References: Freshwater Fish and Plants
Dr. Rüdiger Riehl and Hans A. Baensch, Aquarium Atlas Vol. 1, Publisher Hans A. Baensch, 1991
Mark in Vancouver, "Yoyo" Loach (Botia almorhae), Loaches Online, 2009
Botia almorhae (Gray, 1831) Almorha loach, Fishbase.org
Botia almorhae, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Bratz Walker, Sharks and Loaches, T.F.H. Publications, Inc., 1974

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